The Internet Decreases Socialization Research Paper

The Internet Decreases Socialization - Research Paper Example They are extremely tempted by the numerous ideas, ideologies, and options, to which they are exposed over the Internet. This pushes those young people to spend hours and hours either to navigate the Internet, searching for ideas, news, and products, or chatting with their friends as well as strangers. Therefore, young people may spend a lot of time online without they feel tired or bored. However, the long time spent on the Internet is seen by many people as a disadvantage, because this time is usually taken from the actual time spent face to face with other people. That is, the Internet leaves its negative impact on the experience of social interaction. In this context, many modern social analysts argue that "today, people spend more time using communication technology than they did twenty years ago" (Degord). Accordingly, a heated controversy has started to emerge about the probable negative impacts of the Internet over the process of socialization of young people. While some socia l analysts undermine the negative effects that may be caused by the relatively long time spent on the Internet, there are other analysts who raise serious concerns regarding the minimization of physical socialization because of the Internet. In spite of the various advantages of the Internet, yet it minimizes social interaction and promotes isolation among young people. Undoubtedly, the Internet has revolutionized the lives of people in many aspects. The Internet represents an open window on the world for young people, through which they can do a variety of activities, such as reading news, chatting with friends, and learning new ideas and opinions. Some of the significant activities that young people can do online include reading books and articles, looking for information about any topic, and being involved in discussions on newsgroups and billboards. In this regard, a professor in the School of Law, University of Glasgow, called Thomas B. Riley, claims that "the Internet is a rev olutionary medium that has afforded the opportunity for millions of people to open themselves to a rich panoply of information and services" (Riley). Consequently, the Internet has become a significant source of information for all kinds of people, especially young and educated ones. The Internet plays an important enlightenment role for navigators and researchers, especially those who work or study in the academic field. In additions, some social and political analysts believes that the Internet can also create a net of social relations among users. For instance, Jeffrey Boase, professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Toronto, argues that â€Å"the internet and email play an important role in maintaining the dispersed social networks† (Boase). Thus, if used properly and insightfully, the Internet can be a valid important technology that may widen the scope of our knowledge and prepare young generations for their future careers in their lives. Nevertheles s, the excessive use of the Internet by young people may minimize physical social interaction, negative impact the process of socialization, and promotes isolation and loneliness among people. Those who spend hours and hours chatting with other people over the Internet are actually getting away from their social surrounding and creating a lonely world of their own (Snook). This is mainly because they do not physically and socially interact with other people and involve

Management data analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management data analysis - Assignment Example Question 6: How many times per week do you deposit waste? The following table shows the results of the survey: Employees Gender Q 1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 1 Male yes 1 1 1 23 3 2 Male yes 2 3 1 45 12 3 Male No 2 3 3 38 6 4 Female Yes 1 2 3 52 4 5 Female No 3 2 3 28 5 6 Male yes 3 2 1 18 7 7 Female yes 3 3 3 27 8 8 Female 3 3 2 33 6 9 Male No 2 3 3 56 17 10 Male Yes 2 3 3 63 21 11 Female Yes 1 1 3 39 2 12 Female Yes 1 1 1 40 7 13 Female Yes 1 1 1 33 5 14 Male no 1 3 3 22 5 15 Male yes 1 1 3 20 18 16 Female Yes 2 3 1 18 4 17 Male No 3 3 3 34 9 18 Male No 3 2 1 50 12 19 Female no 3 2 3 52 19 20 Female Yes 2 2 1 61 13 21 Male Yes 2 2 1 56 4 22 Male no 1 2 3 44 15 23 Female Yes 1 3 3 42 17 24 Female Yes 1 3 1 19 17 25 Male No 1 2 3 26 10 26 Male No 1 1 1 23 3 27 Male Yes 2 3 1 45 12 28 Male no 2 3 3 38 6 29 Female No 1 2 3 52 4 30 Female No 3 2 3 28 5 31 Male no 3 2 1 18 10 32 Female No 3 3 3 27 8 33 Female no 3 2 3 33 6 34 Male Yes 2 3 3 20 10 35 Male yes 2 3 3 63 23 Table1: survey results Null hypothesis: There is enough evidence to show that support for the new waste policy was related to the volume of waste produced prior to the policy’s introduction. Table 2: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .025a .001 -.030 5.81551 a. Predictors: (Constant), How much waste did you generate on a typical day Table 3: ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression .679 1 .679 .020 .888b Residual 1116.063 33 33.820 Total 1116.743 34 a. Dependent Variable: How many times per week do you visit the central re-cycling bins? b. Predictors: (Const

The Internet Movie Database Essay Example for Free

The Internet Movie Database Essay As Phileas took his seat, he wondered what the movie he had heard so much about would be like. With the busy life he led working at the store all day and night, he barely ever got time to go to the movies. But, after a long and winding day, he looked for some respite in this movie called ‘The Pursuit of happyness’. The curtain was raised, as the story of a young man named Chris Gardner, living in the midst of the depression of the 1980’s in capitalism-led San Francisco. Phileas saw Chris unfolding the story of his life before him- a life full of struggle tears and despair. ‘That feels familiar,’ Phileas wryly smiled. Chris was not able to get a good education, and amidst the economic crisis and trauma, his wife leaves him with the custody of his young boy Christopher. ‘Dont ever let somebody tell you You cant do something. Not even me. All right? ‘ Chris tells his son, and Phileas is reminded of his own son Joshua, and his heart aches with the earnestness with which he wants his son to have a better life than his own. Around him, Phileas sees people in the audience, and there is a certain melancholy in the air. Smiles, tears and glistening eyes-the atmosphere was mixture of emotions as everyone seemed to feel the sobriety. Phileas breathes heavily as he sees Chris struggle to get a place to sleep every night. Chris does not lose hope, however and applies for an unsalaried internship at Dean Witter. If he proves himself, his dream of becoming a stockbroker might come true, and he might be able to give his son life he himself never had. Phileas could see memory of images flashing before his mind, as he pictured himself working at the store†¦. at home, with his wife and son†¦there is an eerie silence†¦suddenly, someone screams†¦tears†¦rage†¦despair†¦. Phileas can’t take it anymore†¦he wants to escape†¦please, God†¦ ‘The important thing about that freedom train, is its got to climb mountains. We ALL have to climb mountains, you know. Mountains that go way up high, and mountains that go deep and low. Yes, we know what those mountains are here at Glide. We sing about them. ’, Phileas heard a character speak, and he is brought back from his reverie. A smile played around his wrinkled lips as he admires Chris’ wit and humor despite the troublesome times he is facing. Phileas could not help feeling guilty at how he treated his family. How often he would lay hands on them! Oh†¦how much he regretted that†¦but never changed his ways†¦ Phileas leaned over to his left, as he saw Chris on the big screen before him. Here was a man full of belief and optimism. Here was a man who was determined to leave his yesterday behind and work for a better tomorrow. This was the story of one man’s struggle to the top. One could not help but admire the beauty and simplicity of it all-the entire take was effortless, and the expression was truly aesthetic and beautiful. Chris is asked whether he would like to work at Dean Witter. At last! Victory! Phileas felt the warm tears rolling down his cheeks. The emotion is overwhelming. This one moment shall change Chris Gardener’s life, (and, he exclaimed, the movie is based on a true story! ). Phileas sat on his chair, spellbound by the magic and power of the human will. The audience applauded as curtains fell. Suddenly, he felt the weight of the world lifted from his shoulders. He felt he was not alone after all. As Phileas walked out of the cinema, he put on his cap. ‘That was a most wonderful experience! ’ he thought to himself. As he waked past the street lamps, the misery he thought the world was painted with seemed to have faded away. Maybe there was hope for him after all†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢maybe happiness is something that we can only pursue and maybe we can actually never have it’, in Chris’ words. Phileas’ house appeared from behind the trees. He had been so engrossed in his thoughts that he had not realized he had reached home already! Phileas rang the doorbell. The door opened with a creak, and his wife and son stood before him, astonished to see the tears forming in his eyes. In a sudden, inexplicable burst of emotion, Phileas hugged both of them. It was a feeling of love, warmth and hope they had not felt in a long, long time. Phileas could finally be at peace with himself. References: ‘The Pursuit of happyness (2006) Memorable quotes ‘, The Internet Movie Database, http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0454921/quotes

Palliative Care Situation Reflection

Palliative Care Situation Reflection Introduction Reflective practice enables nurses to critically review their actions through a process of thoughtful deliberation about past experiences, in order to learn from them (Tickle 1994; Atkins and Murphy 1995; Bailey 1995; Spalding 1998). Reflection is important since it provides opportunities for learning and continuing professional development (Hinchliff et al. 1993; Spalding 1998). Furthermore, it allows the nurse to better handle future situations and deal more ably with challenging events in everyday clinical practice (Jarvis 1992; Smith 1995). A number of models of reflection have been developed. Gibbs cycle considers the process of reflection as six key stages: (1) description of the event, (2) feelings, (3) evaluation, (4) analysis, (5) conclusion and (6) development of an action plan (Gibbs 1988). In this paper, Gibbs cycle will be used to reflect on an clinical incident that I have experienced which focuses on communication in palliative care and specifically, breaking bad news to a patient and his family. Palliative care is the care of any patient with advanced, incurable disease (Urie et al. 2000). Palliative care involves the management of pain and other disease-related symptoms, and aims to improve quality of life using a holistic approach that incorporates physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects of care (Urie et al. 2000). Effective communication between nurses and other healthcare professionals, patients, and their families and carers forms a key component of palliative care, particularly when breaking bad news. Research has shown that healthcare professionals cite a number of challenges in communicating effectively, including cultural factors, deciding on the best process of communication and information to deliver, and the difficulty of conveying hope to patients and their carers (de Haes and Teunissen 2005). The NHS Cancer Plan published in 2000 states that: â€Å"the care of all dying patients must improve to the level of the best†, with good communication between healthcare professionals and patients as central to achieving this goal (Department of Health 2000). The Gold Standards Framework (GSF) is a framework designed to ensure a gold standard of care is provided for all patients who are nearing the end of their lives (NHS 2005). There are three stages in this framework: (1) identify, (2) assess and (3) plan, with effective communication a key goal underpinning each of these stages. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on improving supportive and palliative care for adults also stresses the value of good face-to-face communication both between healthcare professionals and patients and also inter-professional communication (NICE 2003). This guidance supports the use of the Liverpool Care for the Dying Patient Pathway (2004) which provides a fr amework for improving communication. It is therefore important that nurses develop the required skills to enable them to communicate effectively with patients and carers, and also with other healthcare professionals within the multidisciplinary care team. Reflection using Gibbs cycle (1) Description of the event Mr Smith is a 39 year old father and company director who discovered a testicular swelling. He chose to ignore this, initially because he misinterpreted it as a sports injury, and later because he felt embarrassed about discussing this with a doctor. Nine months later he presented to the emergency admissions unit as he was becoming breathless far more readily than usual, and suffered a constant backache. These symptoms were found to be due to lung metastases and referred pain caused by metastases in the para-aortic lymph nodes. His prognosis was poor and his family were called so that they could be there when he received the diagnosis to help support him. The consultant delivered the news to Mr Smith and his family in a quiet room, with both myself and another staff nurse present. Understandably, both Mr Smith and his family were devastated. (2) Feelings This case has had a huge impact on me. As this was the first time I had attended a case where bad news of this nature had to be broken to the patient and their family, I was naturally apprehensive prior to the event. On seeing the reactions of Mr Smith and his wife to the news, I was unprepared for the strength of my own emotions and found it hard not to cry. Initially, I felt helpless and unable to do anything to help relieve their suffering. I also felt awkward and as if I was intruding at a time when they should be allowed to grieve together privately. However, these feelings quickly passed and were replaced by a desire to do my best to make Mr Smith’s end-of-life care the best possible and provide as much support to both the patient and his family as I could. (3) Evaluation The consultant broke the news to Mr Smith and his family very well and was able to draw on his considerable experience to handle the situation in a professional manner while showing empathy and sensitivity. The choice of a quiet room rather than an open hospital ward provided an ideal environment which afforded Mr Smith privacy to receive the news. The consultant primarily focused on verbal methods to communicate effectively, but also used non-verbal methods, such as sitting down on their level, rather than standing while they sat down; maintaining eye contact with both Mr and Mrs Smith throughout the conversation; using open body language (e.g. not crossing his arms); and using a soft tone of voice. The consultant did not rush in breaking the news and took time to explain Mr Smith’s diagnosis and prognosis, ensuring that what he was saying was understood and providing clarification where necessary. He was also careful not to give unrealistic answers to any difficult questions that were asked and was as optimistic as possible, while still being open and honest. While the consultant was speaking, the other staff nurse observed the reactions of Mr Smith and his family closely to pick up on non-verbal clues to their thoughts and feelings and was quick to step in to place an arm around the shoulders of Mrs Smith when she began to cry which was clearly of great comfort to her. The only negative aspect of the incident was that I felt that having two staff nurses as well as the consultant present was excessive and initially unsettled the family, serving to emphasise the gravity of the situation. (4) Analysis Effective communication As this was the first time I had been involved in a case like this, my role was largely one of observer. Nonetheless, this was still an excellent learning experience and provided me with the opportunity to develop my verbal and non-verbal communication skills through observation. On reflection, I feel that I could have kept my emotions more under control, but I was unprepared for the strength of Mr and Mrs Smith’s response to the news. The consultant played the key role with support from the other staff nurse, both of whom have considerable experience in palliative care. It was clear that hey had already gained the trust of Mr Smith during previous consultations. Trust has been identified as a major factor in establishing successful relationships between healthcare professionals, patients and carers (de Haes and Teunissen 2005), and this enabled more effective, open and honest communication. In palliative care, it is important to relate to the patient on a personal as well as a professional level (Lugton and Kindlen 1999). There should be consistency between verbal and non-verbal communication in order for the healthcare professional to be perceived as genuine (Benjamin 1981). Evidence has shown non-verbal methods of communication to be more powerful than verbal methods (Henley 1973), with listening and eye contact among the most effective forms of non-verbal communication. Touch has also been identified as an important for nurses in certain situations. The consultant relied mainly on verbal communication which may reflect gender-specific differences in communication with men using verbal forms more frequently and women tending to rely more on non-verbal communication methods (Lugton and Kindlen 1999). Observing the other staff nurse readily use touch to comfort Mrs Smith helped the rest of the family to relax and lessened the tension in the room slightly, also breaking down the ‘barrier’ between the healthcare professionals and the patient/family. I observed that the family appeared to view the nurse as a comforter and more approachable than the consultant, a view that continued throughout Mr Smith’s end-of-life care. Although not relevant to this particular case, it is important to acknowledge that effective communication between members of the multidisciplinary palliative care team is also essential. This can be challenging if, for example, team members have differing philosophies of care. One of the key recommendations of the NICE guidelines on palliative care is the implementation of processes to ensure effective inter-personal communication within multidisciplinary teams and other care providers (NICE 2003). During Mr Smith’s end-of-life care, I had to work closely with other members of the care team and there were instances where it was important for me to consider the perspectives of other team members in order to communicate effectively with them. Regular team meetings were beneficial in creating a forum where difficulties could be discussed and solutions to problems found. Reactions to receiving bad news in palliative care After breaking bad news to a patient, healthcare professionals may have to be prepared to deal with a variety of reactions including denial and collusion, and emotional reactions such as anger, guilt and blame. Denial is often a coping mechanism for patients who are unable to face the fact they have a terminal illness but patients will often begin to face reality as their disease progresses over time (Faulkner 1998). Family members and carers may encourage the patient to stay in denial, as this will delay the time when difficult issues have to be faced and discussed. Collusion between healthcare professionals and families/carers to withhold information from the patient is usually viewed as a way to try and protect the patient (Faulkner 1998). However, honest and open discussion with the patient themselves establishes their level of knowledge and understanding and can help to reassure them about their condition and accept reality. Patients and their families and carers often show strong emotional reactions to bad news. Anger may sometimes be misdirected towards the healthcare professional as the bearer of this news, and it is important that the cause of the anger is identified and addressed. Patients may feel guilt, and that they are somehow being punished for something they have done wrong. Alternatively, the patient may serve to blame their condition on other people. While healthcare professionals are unable to take away these feelings of guilt and blame, ensuring the patient has the chance to talk them through and discuss relevant issues can help them come to terms with these feelings. Mr Smith’s reaction to the news was one of self-blame and guilt – he blamed himself for not visiting a doctor earlier and felt guilty that he was putting his family through so much. He appeared to accept his poor prognosis and asked a number of questions which demonstrated a full understanding of his situation. Spiritual and cultural beliefs can influence an individual’s experience of illness and the concerns of both patients and their families or carers may need to be addressed either at the time bad news is broken or at a later stage during end-of-life care when individuals are facing death (Matzo et al. 2005). Incorporating spiritual care into nursing is therefore particularly important in palliative care; however, since neither Mr Smith or his family were particularly religious, this was not a key issue in this incident or in his subsequent care. Control of cancer-related symptoms in palliative care Patients with advanced cancer are typically polysymptomatic (Grond et al 1994). Common symptoms include pain, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, constipation, breathlessness and depression. Effective control of these symptoms is essential for optimal quality of life during end-of-life care. As previously discussed, one of the main processes in the GSF framework involves assessing patients symptoms and planning care centred around these, to ensure that these symptoms are controlled as much as possible (NHS 2005). Three symptoms that required effective management as part of Mr Smith’s care plan were pain, breathlessness and depression. One of Mr Smith’s greatest concerns was that he would suffer considerable pain during the advanced stages of his cancer. This is a common fear held by many cancer patients. Pain is a symptom experienced by up to 70% of cancer patients (Donnelly and Walsh 1995; Vainio and Auvunen 1996). Pain may result from the cancer itself, treatment, debility or unrelated pathologies, and accurate diagnosis of the cause(s) of pain is therefore important. The World Health Organisation (WHO) ‘analgesic ladder’ (WHO 1996) provides a system for managing cancer pain and has been shown to achieve pain relief in almost 90% of patients (Zech et al. 1995; WHO 1996). Pharmacological interventions for pain management include the use of non-opioids such as paracetamol, aspirin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for the control of mild pain. In Europe, oral morphine is the dug of choice for the control of moderate to severe cancer pain, but weak or strong opioids may also be used, either with or without non-opioids. Correct dosing of opioids and effective management of common side effects (e.g. constipation) are essential (Walsh 2000), and adjuvant treatment for specific pain may also be required. Non-pharmacological interventions include the provision of emotional and spiritual support, helping the patient to develop coping strategies, use of relaxation techniques, acupuncture or the use of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS). Evidence from a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessing nursing non-pharmacological interventions demonstrated these interventions to be effective for pain management but some trials showed minimal differences between the treatment and control groups (Sindhu 1996). Breathlessness is a common symptom among cancer patients which can be difficult to control and may cause considerable distress to both patients and their carers (Davis 1997; Vora 2004). Appropriate management frequently requires both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions (Bausewein et al. 2008). Pharmacological interventions include the use of bronchodilators, benzodiazepines, opioids, corticosteroids and oxygen therapy (Vora 2004). Non-pharmacological interventions which have been shown to be effective include counselling and support, either alone or in combination with relaxation-breathing training, relaxation and psychotherapy (Bausewein et al. 2008). There is limited evidence that acupuncture or acupressure are effective. Both anxiety and depression are common among patients with advanced cancer but both of these conditions are frequently under diagnosed (Barraclough 1997). Furthermore, these conditions are sometimes viewed as simply natural reactions to the patient’s illness. Pharmacological interventions such as antidepressants should be used if the patient show symptoms of a definite depressive disorder. Non-pharmacological interventions include relaxation, psychosocial therapies and massage (Lander et al. 2000). Optimal management of depression in patients with advanced cancer typically involves a combination of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches (Lander et al. 2000). Ethical and legal considerations in palliative care There are a number of ethical and legal considerations in palliative care such as euthanasia and the right to withhold or withdraw life sustaining treatment. Those aspects which were of importance in this account address the patient’s right to know their diagnosis (i.e. autonomy). Evidence shows that the majority of cancer patients wish to know their diagnosis and the likely progression of their disease (Faulkner 1998). This may present a challenge for clinicians and nurses who may wish to try to protect the patient and convey an optimistic outlook even when the prognosis is poor. In the case of Mr Smith, he wanted to know as much information as possible about his diagnosis and treatment and the consultant and nurse answered his questions as openly and honestly as possible. (5) Conclusion Reflective practice is important both as a learning process and for the continuing professional development of nurses. The use of a model such as Gibbs’s cycle enables the nurse to move logically through the reflective process and provides a structured approach. Effective communication is essential in palliative care. Nurses and other healthcare professionals must be able to communicate effectively both with patients and their families/carers but also with other members of the multidisciplinary care team. The nurse plays a key role in the provision of supportive and palliative care and must develop excellent verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Breaking bad news such as that given to Mr Smith is one of the hardest tasks for healthcare professionals, regardless of their level of experience, and it is essential that the situation is handled professionally, but also with empathy and sensitivity, taking full account of the ethical and legal aspects of the situation. The use of non-verbal communication by the nurse is as important as verbal methods of communication. (6) Action plan This incident provided me with a valuable learning opportunity and were I to encounter a similar situation in the future, I would feel much better prepared to deal with this. I have learnt that preparation is important, for example, selecting a suitable environment in which to break the news, and ensuring that chairs are placed correctly within the room. Rather than relying primarily on verbal communication, I would be more aware of the effectiveness of non-verbal methods, particularly touch, if this was appropriate. I have also developed a greater awareness of the ethical issues surrounding breaking bad news in palliative care, and the need to be open and honest with the patient and their family where possible. References Atkins, S. and Murphy, K. 1995, ‘Reflective practice’, Nursing Standard, vol. 9, no. 45, pp. 3135. Bailey, J. 1995, ‘Clinical reflective practice; reflective practice: implementing theory’, Nursing Standard, vol. 9, no. 46, pp. 2931. Barraclough, J. 1997, ‘ABC of palliative care: depression, anxiety and confusion’, British Medical Journal, vol. 315, pp. 1365–8. Bausewein, C., Booth, S., Gysels, M., Higginson, I. J. 2008, ‘Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in advanced stages of malignant and non-malignant diseases’, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 3. Benjamin 1981, The helping interview, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Davis, C. L. 1997, ‘ABC of palliative care. Breathlessness, cough and other respiratory problems’, British Medical Journal, vol. 315, pp. 931–4. de Haes, H. Teunissen, S. 2005, ‘Communication in palliative care: a review of recent literature’, Current Opinion in Oncology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 345–50. Department of Health 2000, The NHS cancer Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4009609 Donnelly, S. Walsh, D. 1995, ‘The symptoms of advanced cancer’, Seminars in Oncology, vol. 22, pp. 67–72. Faulkner, A. 1998, ‘Communication with patients, families, and other professionals’, British Medical Journal, vol. 316, pp. 130–2. Gibbs, G. 1988, Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Grond, S., Zech, D., Diefenbach, C., Bischoff, A. 1994, ‘Prevalence and pattern of symptoms in paients with cancer pain: a prospective evaluation of 1,635 cancer patients referred to a pain clinic’, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, vol. 9, p. 372–82. Henley, N. 1973, ‘Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication’, Berkeley Journal of Sociology, vol. 18, pp. 1–26. Hinchliff, S. M., Norman, S. E., Schober, J. E. 1993, Nursing practice and health care, 2nd ed, Edward Arnold, London. Jarvis, P. 1992, ‘Reflective practice and nursing’, Nurse Education Today, vol. 12, pp. 174–81. Lander, M., Wilson, K., Chochinov, H. M. 2000, ‘Depression and the dying older patient’, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 335–56. Liverpool Care Pathway 2004, Liverpool Care of the Dying Patient Pathway. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.endoflifecareforadults.nhs.uk/eolc/files/F2091-LCP_pathway_for_dying_patient_Sep2007.pdf Lugton, J. Kindlen, M. 1999, Palliative care: the nursing role. Churchill Livingstone, London. Matzo, M., Matzo, M. L., Witt Sherman, D. 2005, Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, 2nd edn. Springer Publishing Company, New York. NHS 2005, The Gold Standards Framework. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.goldstandardsframework.nhs.uk/ NICE 2003, Improving supportive and palliative care for adults. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=downloado=28800 Sindhu, F. 1996, ‘Are non-pharmacological nursing interventions for the management of pain effective? – a meta-analysis’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 24, pp. 1152–9. Smith, C. 1995, ‘Evaluating nursing care; reflection in practice’, Professional Nurse, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 593–6. Spalding, N. J. 1998, ‘Reflection in professional development: a personal experience’, British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 379–82. Tickle, L. 1994, ‘The induction of new teachers’, Castell, London. Urie, J., Fielding, H., McArthur, D., Kinnear, M., Hudson, S., Fallon, M. 2000, ‘Palliative care’, The Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 265, no. 7119, pp. 603–14. Vora, V. 2004, ‘Breathlessness: a palliative care perspective’, Indian Journal of Palliative Care, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 12–18. Walsh, D. 2000, ‘Pharmacological management of cancer pain’, Seminars in Oncology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 45–63. WHO 1996, WHO guidelines: cancer pain relief, 2nd ed. World Health Organization, Geneva. Zech, D., Grond, S., Lynch, J., Hertel, D., Lehmann, K. A. 1995, ‘Validation of World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain relief: a 10 year prospective study’, Pain, vol. 63, pp. 65–76. Vainio, A. Auvunen, A. 1996, ‘Prevalence of symptoms among patients with advanced cancer; an international collaborative group study’, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, vol. 12, pp. 3–10.

The Origins of Life Essay -- Science Scientific Essays Research

The Origins of Life Before any speculation toward the origin of biotic forms, what was present at the formation of the earth that could result in inorganic, then organic, and later biotic creatures? Early atmospheric conditions have been theorized to be present due to planetesimal collisions releasing gases present in the Earth, after the initial atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium escaped Earth’s gravity assisted by heat energy. The earlier atmosphere is believed to have consisted mainly of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (bonded to other elements) in such forms as CO2/CO, N2, and H20. Stanley Miller, through experimentation, shows that given an energy source like heat or electric charge it is possible to form reactions that create complex molecules, and through subsequent experiments nucleic acids like adenine were even formed. This is the premise for the â€Å"hot† theories of the origin of life. Given there are many derivative possibilities like process evolution, chemoauto trophic, and photoautotrophic origins, the basis is that given an energy source (heat) basic elements can form and break bonds to become increasingly complex. Given the theories have technically been progressing since 1922 and A.I. Oparin’s hypothesizing, the major strides have been in recent research. Through studies of volcanic activity, fossils, and archaebacteria, speculation leans heavily toward evidence provided by â€Å"hot† theory experiments. Given that it is quite plausible and possible that the early earth had the suggested â€Å"hot† environment providing heat and monomers that can combine to become polymers, the main step to come into question is, when did these polymers amount to life? â€Å"Life for Dummies† would suggest that life requi... ...dial Peptide Cycle†. Science 301 (15 August 2003): 938-940. Leman, Luke, Leslie Orgel, and M. Reza Ghadiri. â€Å"Carbonyl Sulfide – Mediated Prebiotic Formation of Peptides†. Science 306 (8 October 2004): 283-286. Luskin, Casey, and Reid Hankins. â€Å"Problems with Purely Natural Explanations for the Origins of Life on Earth†. Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Club 2001. 22 November 2004. . Szaflarski, Diane. â€Å"Possible Sites for the Origin of Life†. Cruising Chemistry. 22 November 2004. . Wachtershauser, Gunter. â€Å"Life as We Don’t Know It†. Science 289 (25 October 2000): 1307-1308. Zubay, Geoffrey. Origins of Life on the Earth and in the Cosmos. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, a character Atticus states; â€Å"Courage is when you know you’re licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what.† Throughout history, there have been many courageous people who have strongly demonstrated the quality of courage. Courage is a reoccurring theme that Harper Lee chooses to emphasize throughout To Kill A Mockingbird that many of her characters pursue as a strong quality. However, courage is proven to be most evident through Atticus, Scout, and Calpurina. Atticus is truly a man of courage. Throughout, To Kill A Mockingbird he has to face many situations where a courageous decision is needed in order to help someone very important. Although there are many characters that are against Atticus’ decisions, he still tries to see them through knowing that the odds of succeeding are weak. Atticus definitely defines courage when he makes the decision to represent a Negro named Tom Robinson, in court. Unfortunately, many people in the town of Maycomb are prejudice and look down upon Atticus for choosing to do so. However, Atticus knowing how strongly people feel about his decision for defending a black man feels that it is something he must do. A quote from the novel symbolizing his courage is found where Jem and Scout are asking Atticus why he is defending Tom Robinson: â€Å"Every lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally. This one’s mine I guess.† This quote represents his courage because it shows that he has a responsibility and is going to do the best job he can even when he understands that the odds are against him. Atticus also displays courage when he tells Scout that you shouldn’t judge someone until you have been in his or her shoes. A quote showing this is found where Scout explains to Atticus about her day’s misfortunes at school and how Miss Caroline tells her that she was taught the wrong way by her father: â€Å"First of all, Scout if you can learn a simple trick, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.† This quote further explains his courageous qualities because it shows that he doesn’t believe in judging others until you have been in their skin, or until you know a person.

Do You Choose to be Homosexual? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Do You Choose to be Homosexual? Is it possible for one to choose his or her sexual orientation? Is one's sexual orientation something that can be changed, or is it a fixed attraction? These are a few questions, among many others that have been raised by researchers and religious organizations, as well as everyday people. Particularly, over the last decade there have been various debates over whether sexual orientation is based on genetic factors or whether it is a choice. Most researchers find that homosexuality, like many others psychological conditions, is due to a combination of social, biological, or psychological factors (1). Psychiatrist Jeffrey Satinover believes influences including a postnatal environment have an impact on one's sexual orientation. Examples within this postnatal environment include cultural behavior as well as the behavior of one's parents and siblings (1). This is just one specification that one's sexual orientation is determined at a young age, and is a lifestyle that is not chosen. A statement issued by the American Psychological Association can support this observation. A spokesperson for the organization states that "...However, many scientists share the view that sexual orientation is shaped for most people at an early age through complex interactions of biological, psychological, and social factors" (1). Richard Green, a psychiatrist at the University of California, Los Angeles, conducted a study that compared effeminate and "masculine" boys (3). In this study, Green found that children who grow up to become homosexual often engage in "gender inappropriate play" in their early childhood. "Feminine" boys generally played four times as much with dolls and about a third as much with trucks ... ...y other suggested factors. One's sexual orientation cannot just change over night or within a couple of years. In many aspects, it is much like those who sing and dance. To elaborate, when hearing the biographies of many of today's stars, it is said that a vast majority of them started singing or dancing between the ages two and five. The same concept holds true for one's sexual orientation; it is developed early in one's childhood. References 1)Is Sexual Orientation Fixed at Birth? http://www.narth.com/docs/bornway.html 2)Is Being Gay Natural and Do We Have a Choice? http://www.gayline.gen.nz/natural.htm?o=0 3)Homosexuality: Chosen Lifestyle or Fixed Orientation? http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_fixe.htm 4)Homosexuality: Genetics & the Bible http://www.qrd.org/qrd/religion/judeochristian/another.effort.at.explaining.the.bible.and.queers

A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifty-seven

Sansa The walls of the throne room had been stripped bare, the hunting tapestries that King Robert loved taken down and stacked in the corner in an untidy heap. Ser Mandon Moore went to take his place under the throne beside two of his fellows of the Kingsguard. Sansa hovered by the door, for once unguarded. The queen had given her freedom of the castle as a reward for being good, yet even so, she was escorted everywhere she went. â€Å"Honor guards for my daughter-to-be,† the queen called them, but they did not make Sansa feel honored. â€Å"Freedom of the castle† meant that she could go wherever she chose within the Red Keep so long as she promised not to go beyond the walls, a promise Sansa had been more than willing to give. She couldn't have gone beyond the walls anyway. The gates were watched day and night by Janos Slynt's gold cloaks, and Lannister house guards were always about as well. Besides, even if she could leave the castle, where would she go? It was enough that she could walk in the yard, pick flowers in Myrcella's garden, and visit the sept to pray for her father. Sometimes she prayed in the godswood as well, since the Starks kept the old gods. This was the first court session of Joffrey's reign, so Sansa looked about nervously. A line of Lannister house guards stood beneath the western windows, a line of gold-cloaked City Watchmen beneath the east. Of smallfolk and commoners, she saw no sign, but under the gallery a cluster of lords great and small milled restlessly. There were no more than twenty, where a hundred had been accustomed to wait upon King Robert. Sansa slipped in among them, murmuring greetings as she worked her way toward the front. She recognized black-skinned Jalabhar Xho, gloomy Ser Aron Santagar, the Redwyne twins Horror and Slobber . . . only none of them seemed to recognize her. Or if they did, they shied away as if she had the grey plague. Sickly Lord Gyles covered his face at her approach and feigned a fit of coughing, and when funny drunken Ser Dontos started to hail her, Ser Balon Swann whispered in his ear and he turned away. And so many others were missing. Where had the rest of them gone? Sansa wondered. Vainly, she searched for friendly faces. Not one of them would meet her eyes. It was as if she had become a ghost, dead before her time. Grand Maester Pycelle was seated alone at the council table, seemingly asleep, his hands clasped together atop his beard. She saw Lord Varys hurry into the hall, his feet making no sound. A moment later Lord Baelish entered through the tall doors in the rear, smiling. He chatted amiably with Ser Balon and Ser Dontos as he made his way to the front. Butterflies fluttered nervously in Sansa's stomach. I shouldn't be afraid, she told herself. I have nothing to be afraid of, it will all come out well, Joff loves me and the queen does too, she said so. A herald's voice rang out. â€Å"All hail His Grace, Joffrey of the Houses Baratheon and Lannister, the First of his Name, King of the Andals, the Rhoynar, and the First Men, and Lord of the Seven Kingdoms. All hail his lady mother, Cersei of House Lannister, Queen Regent, Light of the West, and Protector of the Realm.† Ser Barristan Selmy, resplendent in white plate, led them in. Ser Arys Oakheart escorted the queen, while Ser Boros Blount walked beside Joffrey, so six of the Kingsguard were now in the hall, all the White Swords save Jaime Lannister alone. Her prince—no, her king now!—took the steps of the Iron Throne two at a time, while his mother was seated with the council. Joff wore plush black velvets slashed with crimson, a shimmering cloth-of-gold cape with a high collar, and on his head a golden crown crusted with rubies and black diamonds. When Joffrey turned to look out over the hall, his eye caught Sansa's. He smiled, seated himself, and spoke. â€Å"It is a king's duty to punish the disloyal and reward those who are true. Grand Maester Pycelle, I command you to read my decrees.† Pycelle pushed himself to his feet. He was clad in a magnificent robe of thick red velvet, with an ermine collar and shiny gold fastenings. From a drooping sleeve, heavy with gilded scrollwork, he drew a parchment, unrolled it, and began to read a long list of names, commanding each in the name of king and council to present themselves and swear their fealty to Joffrey. Failing that, they would be adjudged traitors, their lands and titles forfeit to the throne. The names he read made Sansa hold her breath. Lord Stannis Baratheon, his lady wife, his daughter. Lord Renly Baratheon. Both Lord Royces and their sons. Ser Loras Tyrell. Lord Mace Tyrell, his brothers, uncles, sons. The red priest, Thoros of Myr. Lord Beric Dondarrion. Lady Lysa Arryn and her son, the little Lord Robert. Lord Hoster Tully, his brother Ser Brynden, his son Ser Edmure. Lord Jason Mallister. Lord Bryce Caron of the Marches. Lord Tytos Blackwood. Lord Walder Frey and his heir Ser Stevron. Lord Karyl Vance. Lord Jonos Bracken. Lady Sheila Whent. Doran Martell, Prince of Dorne, and all his sons. So many, she thought as Pycelle read on and on, it will take a whole flock of ravens to send out these commands. And at the end, near last, came the names Sansa had been dreading. Lady Catelyn Stark. Robb Stark. Brandon Stark, Rickon Stark, Arya Stark. Sansa stifled a gasp. Arya. They wanted Arya to present herself and swear an oath . . . it must mean her sister had fled on the galley, she must be safe at Winterfell by now . . . Grand Maester Pycelle rolled up the list, tucked it up his left sleeve, and pulled another parchment from his right. He cleared his throat and resumed. â€Å"In the place of the traitor Eddard Stark, it is the wish of His Grace that Tywin Lannister, Lord of Casterly Rock and Warden of the West, take up the office of Hand of the King, to speak with his voice, lead his armies against his enemies, and carry out his royal will. So the king has decreed. The small council consents. â€Å"In the place of the traitor Stannis Baratheon, it is the wish of His Grace that his lady mother, the Queen Regent Cersei Lannister, who has ever been his staunchest support, be seated upon his small council, that she may help him rule wisely and with justice. So the king has decreed. The small council consents.† Sansa heard a soft murmuring from the lords around her, but it was quickly stilled. Pycelle continued. â€Å"It is also the wish of His Grace that his loyal servant, Janos Slynt, Commander of the City Watch of King's Landing, be at once raised to the rank of lord and granted the ancient seat of Harrenhal with all its attendant lands and incomes, and that his sons and grandsons shall hold these honors after him until the end of time. It is moreover his command that Lord Slynt be seated immediately upon his small council, to assist in the governance of the realm. So the king has decreed. The small council consents.† Sansa glimpsed motion from the corner of her eye as Janos Slynt made his entrance. This time the muttering was louder and angrier. Proud lords whose houses went back thousands of years made way reluctantly for the balding, frog-faced commoner as he marched past. Golden scales had been sewn onto the black velvet of his doublet and rang together softly with each step. His cloak was checked black-and-gold satin. Two ugly boys who must have been his sons went before him, struggling with the weight of a heavy metal shield as tall as they were. For his sigil he had taken a bloody spear, gold on a night-black field. The sight of it raised goose prickles up and down Sansa's arms. As Lord Slynt took his place, Grand Maester Pycelle resumed. â€Å"Lastly, in these times of treason and turmoil, with our beloved Robert so lately dead, it is the view of the council that the life and safety of King Joffrey is of paramount importance . . . † He looked to the queen. Cersei stood. â€Å"Ser Barristan Selmy, stand forth.† Ser Barristan had been standing at the foot of the Iron Throne, as still as any statue, but now he went to one knee and bowed his head. â€Å"Your Grace, I am yours to command.† â€Å"Rise, Ser Barristan,† Cersei Lannister said. â€Å"You may remove your helm.† â€Å"My lady?† Standing, the old knight took off his high white helm, though he did not seem to understand why. â€Å"You have served the realm long and faithfully, good ser, and every man and woman in the Seven Kingdoms owes you thanks. Yet now I fear your service is at an end. It is the wish of king and council that you lay down your heavy burden.† â€Å"My . . . burden? I fear I . . . I do not . . . â€Å" The new-made lord, Janos Slynt, spoke up, his voice heavy and blunt. â€Å"Her Grace is trying to tell you that you are relieved as Lord Commander of the Kingsguard.† The tall, white-haired knight seemed to shrink as he stood there, scarcely breathing. â€Å"Your Grace,† he said at last. â€Å"The Kingsguard is a Sworn Brotherhood. Our vows are taken for life. Only death may relieve the Lord Commander of his sacred trust.† â€Å"Whose death, Ser Barristan?† The queen's voice was soft as silk, but her words carried the whole length of the hall. â€Å"Yours, or your king's?† â€Å"You let my father die,† Joffrey said accusingly from atop the Iron Throne. â€Å"You're too old to protect anybody.† Sansa watched as the knight peered up at his new king. She had never seen him look his years before, yet now he did. â€Å"Your Grace,† he said. â€Å"I was chosen for the White Swords in my twenty-third year. It was all I had ever dreamed, from the moment I first took sword in hand. I gave up all claim to my ancestral keep. The girl I was to wed married my cousin in my place, I had no need of land or sons, my life would be lived for the realm. Ser Gerold Hightower himself heard my vows . . . to ward the king with all my strength . . . to give my blood for his . . . I fought beside the White Bull and Prince Lewyn of Dorne . . . beside Ser Arthur Dayne, the Sword of the Morning. Before I served your father, I helped shield King Aerys, and his father Jaehaerys before him . . . three kings . . . â€Å" â€Å"And all of them dead,† Littlefinger pointed out. â€Å"Your time is done,† Cersei Lannister announced. â€Å"Joffrey requires men around him who are young and strong. The council has determined that Ser Jaime Lannister will take your place as the Lord Commander of Sworn Brothers of the White Swords.† â€Å"The Kingslayer,† Ser Barristan said, his voice hard with contempt. â€Å"The false knight who profaned his blade with the blood of the king he had sworn to defend.† â€Å"Have a care for your words, ser,† the queen warned. â€Å"You are speaking of our beloved brother, your king's own blood.† Lord Varys spoke, gentler than the others. â€Å"We are not unmindful of your service, good ser. Lord Tywin Lannister has generously agreed to grant you a handsome tract of land north of Lannisport, beside the sea, with gold and men sufficient to build you a stout keep, and servants to see to your every need.† Ser Barristan looked up sharply. â€Å"A hall to die in, and men to bury me. I thank you, my lords . . . but I spit upon your pity.† He reached up and undid the clasps that held his cloak in place, and the heavy white garment slithered from his shoulders to fall in a heap on the floor. His helmet dropped with a clang. â€Å"I am a knight,† he told them. He opened the silver fastenings of his breastplate and let that fall as well. â€Å"I shall die a knight.† â€Å"A naked knight, it would seem,† quipped Littlefinger. They all laughed then, Joffrey on his throne, and the lords standing attendance, Janos Slynt and Queen Cersei and Sandor Clegane and even the other men of the Kingsguard, the five who had been his brothers until a moment ago. Surely that must have hurt the most, Sansa thought. Her heart went out to the gallant old man as he stood shamed and red-faced, too angry to speak. Finally he drew his sword. Sansa heard someone gasp. Ser Boros and Ser Meryn moved forward to confront him, but Ser Barristan froze them in place with a look that dripped contempt. â€Å"Have no fear, sers, your king is safe . . . no thanks to you. Even now, I could cut through the five of you as easy as a dagger cuts cheese. If you would serve under the Kingslayer, not a one of you is fit to wear the white.† He flung his sword at the foot of the Iron Throne. â€Å"Here, boy. Melt it down and add it to the others, if you like. It will do you more good than the swords in the hands of these five. Perhaps Lord Stannis will chance to sit on it when he takes your throne.† He took the long way out, his steps ringing loud against the floor and echoing off the bare stone walls. Lords and ladies parted to let him pass. Not until the pages had closed the great oak-and-bronze doors behind him did Sansa hear sounds again: soft voices, uneasy stirrings, the shuffle of papers from the council table. â€Å"He called me boy,† Joffrey said peevishly, sounding younger than his years. â€Å"He talked about my uncle Stannis too.† â€Å"Idle talk,† said Varys the eunuch. â€Å"Without meaning . . . â€Å" â€Å"He could be making plots with my uncles. I want him seized and questioned.† No one moved. Joffrey raised his voice. â€Å"I said, I want him seized!† Janos Slynt rose from the council table. â€Å"My gold cloaks will see to it, Your Grace.† â€Å"Good,† said King Joffrey. Lord Janos strode from the hall, his ugly sons double-stepping to keep up as they lugged the great metal shield with the arms of House Slynt. â€Å"Your Grace,† Littlefinger reminded the king. â€Å"If we might resume, the seven are now six. We find ourselves in need of a new sword for your Kingsguard.† Joffrey smiled. â€Å"Tell them, Mother.† â€Å"The king and council have determined that no man in the Seven Kingdoms is more fit to guard and protect His Grace than his sworn shield, Sandor Clegane.† â€Å"How do you like that, dog?† King Joffrey asked. The Hound's scarred face was hard to read. He took a long moment to consider. â€Å"Why not? I have no lands nor wife to forsake, and who'd care if I did?† The burned side of his mouth twisted. â€Å"But I warn you, I'll say no knight's vows.† â€Å"The Sworn Brothers of the Kingsguard have always been knights,† Ser Boros said firmly. â€Å"Until now,† the Hound said in his deep rasp, and Ser Boros fell silent. When the king's herald moved forward, Sansa realized the moment was almost at hand. She smoothed down the cloth of her skirt nervously. She was dressed in mourning, as a sign of respect for the dead king, but she had taken special care to make herself beautiful. Her gown was the ivory silk that the queen had given her, the one Arya had ruined, but she'd had them dye it black and you couldn't see the stain at all. She had fretted over her jewelry for hours and finally decided upon the elegant simplicity of a plain silver chain. The herald's voice boomed out. â€Å"If any man in this hall has other matters to set before His Grace, let him speak now or go forth and hold his silence.† Sansa quailed. Now, she told herself, I must do it now. Gods give me courage. She took one step, then another. Lords and knights stepped aside silently to let her pass, and she felt the weight of their eyes on her. I must be as strong as my lady mother. â€Å"Your Grace,† she called out in a soft, tremulous voice. The height of the Iron Throne gave Joffrey a better vantage point than anyone else in the hall. He was the first to see her. â€Å"Come forward, my lady,† he called out, smiling. His smile emboldened her, made her feel beautiful and strong. He does love me, he does. Sansa lifted her head and walked toward him, not too slow and not too fast. She must not let them see how nervous she was. â€Å"The Lady Sansa, of House Stark,† the herald cried. She stopped under the throne, at the spot where Ser Barristan's white cloak lay puddled on the floor beside his helm and breastplate. â€Å"Do you have some business for king and council, Sansa?† the queen asked from the council table. â€Å"I do.† She knelt on the cloak, so as not to spoil her gown, and looked up at her prince on his fearsome black throne. â€Å"As it please Your Grace, I ask mercy for my father, Lord Eddard Stark, who was the Hand of the King.† She had practiced the words a hundred times. The queen sighed. â€Å"Sansa, you disappoint me. What did I tell you about traitor's blood?† â€Å"Your father has committed grave and terrible crimes, my lady,† Grand Maester Pycelle intoned. â€Å"Ah, poor sad thing,† sighed Varys. â€Å"She is only a babe, my lords, she does not know what she asks.† Sansa had eyes only for Joffrey. He must listen to me, he must, she thought. The king shifted on his seat, â€Å"Let her speak,† he commanded. â€Å"I want to hear what she says.† â€Å"Thank you, Your Grace.† Sansa smiled, a shy secret smile, just for him. He was listening. She knew he would. â€Å"Treason is a noxious weed,† Pycelle declared solemnly. â€Å"It must be torn up, root and stem and seed, lest new traitors sprout from every roadside.† â€Å"Do you deny your father's crime?† Lord Baelish asked. â€Å"No, my lords.† Sansa knew better than that. â€Å"I know he must be punished. All I ask is mercy. I know my lord father must regret what he did. He was King Robert's friend and he loved him, you all know he loved him. He never wanted to be Hand until the king asked him. They must have lied to him. Lord Renly or Lord Stannis or . . . or somebody, they must have lied, otherwise . . . â€Å" King Joffrey leaned forward, hands grasping the arms of the throne. Broken sword points fanned out between his fingers. â€Å"He said I wasn't the king. Why did he say that?† â€Å"His leg was broken,† Sansa replied eagerly. â€Å"It hurt ever so much, Maester Pycelle was giving him milk of the poppy, and they say that milk of the poppy fills your head with clouds. Otherwise he would never have said it.† Varys said, â€Å"A child's faith . . . such sweet innocence . . . and yet, they say wisdom oft comes from the mouths of babes.† â€Å"Treason is treason,† Pycelle replied at once. Joffrey rocked restlessly on the throne. â€Å"Mother?† Cersei Lannister considered Sansa thoughtfully. â€Å"If Lord Eddard were to confess his crime,† she said at last, â€Å"we would know he had repented his folly.† Joffrey pushed himself to his feet. Please, Sansa thought, please, please, be the king I know you are, good and kind and noble, please. â€Å"Do you have any more to say?† he asked her. â€Å"Only . . . that as you love me, you do me this kindness, my prince,† Sansa said. King Joffrey looked her up and down. â€Å"Your sweet words have moved me,† he said gallantly, nodding, as if to say all would be well. â€Å"I shall do as you ask . . . but first your father has to confess. He has to confess and say that I'm the king, or there will be no mercy for him.† â€Å"He will,† Sansa said, heart soaring. â€Å"Oh, I know he will.†

Hide and Seek

Ion the poem Hide and Seek, Vernon Scannell makes excellent use of all the sense to bring out the great excitement children usually experience whenever they play this ever- green game. The fact that short sentences are used in rapid succession and that the poem seems to have been written in one short stanza also contribute to this feeling. The persona is the one being sought, so he hides himself in the toolshed at the bottom of the garden making sure that his feet â€Å"aren’t sticking out†.The place smells salty because of the sacks of sand and both the floor and air feel damp and cold. As the seekers draw stealthily close, the poet is almost afraid to breathe and automatically closes his eyes as if by doing so, it would be difficult for his friends to find him. Time passes, the poet feels stiff, cold and uncomfortable so he decides to come out of his hiding place only to find that the other children have long abandoned the search and left him alone in the dark shed. à ¢â‚¬Å"The bushes hold their breath: the sun is gone. Yes here you are. But where are they who sought you?†?Although this poem is basically a poem about childhood recollections, a moral can still be learnt form it: namely that in life, when success seems to be within easy reach, we should not allow ourselves to feel too over-confident as we might end up losing all and feeling bitterly disappointed. Diction (The writer’s choice of words) The poem starts with the imperative verb ‘call’. Examples of words in the imperative are ‘ call out’ ‘call loud’ ‘be careful’, ‘don’t breathe’, ‘don’t move’, ‘stay dumb’, ‘hide’, ‘push pff’, ‘uncurl’, ‘stretch’, ‘come and own up’.In the poem, these words/verbs in the imperative form are very important because they are showing the expertise of this boy at play in this well -loved game. It is almost as if the boy is instructing the reader as to how we should play the game as well as we possible can, in order not to be caught. In â€Å"be careful that your feet aren’t sticking out† the young persona/the young child is giving us readers a good piece of advice – he wants to make sure that he makes the search for him a very difficult one. This shows that he wanted to be the winner at all costs. This shows that he wants to be the winner at all costs.In fact, in the next line, â€Å"Wiser not to risk another shout. † The boy is again giving advice, showing that the risk of being caught is very much possible since his friends might be close by. The adjective ‘cold’ is repeated twice in the poem, whilst we also have the word ‘damp’ to show the discomfort that the boy was feeling. In this poem we also have words like, ‘musn’t sneeze’, ‘whispering’, ‘hushed’, â₠¬Ëœdumb’, ‘mutters’ and all the words show the excitement felt by the boy, when he was being sought by his friends, he tries to avoid any sort of noise, even going as far to say, ‘don’t breathe’.There is only one stanza in this poem and there are four instances of rhyming couplets, ‘out’ and ‘shout’, ‘door’ and ‘before’, ‘land’ and again’ and ‘coat’ and ‘throat’. The fact that there is little rhyme in thus poem is indicative of the excitement being felt by the boy as he lies in hiding. The poem is very rich in figures of speech. From the very first line we find alliteration of the letter/consonant ’c’. This alliteration almost makes the call of the boy even more audible in our minds and it also gives the poem a certain vibrant feeling from the very start.We also have alliteration in the second line, ‘sacks in the toolshed smell like the seaside’’ with the letter/consonant ‘s’ and the effect that this creates is very much like the sound of the sea upon the shore, bringing about the olfactory image of the sea to mind. The soothing sound effect created by the alliteration of the letter ‘s ‘ brings to mind a feeling of calmness and serenity; a feeling that is extended in the following line when the persona says, ‘they’ll never find you in this salty dark’ meaning that he is calm because he knows that he is safe.The alliteration of the letter/consonants in ‘sound so’ almost enables us readers to hear the low voices and the increasing silence as the tension mounts. The alliteration of the consonant ‘d’ in ‘don’t breathe’ and ‘don’t move’ brings out the sense of urgency and heightened excitement felt/experienced by the boy. We also have alliteration in ‘dark damp’, ‘smel l of sand’ and in both these instances it is the alliteration of the letter ‘s’ which makes us almost feel the coarseness of the sand in the young child’s throat.The poem is also rich in personification where inanimate objects are being human qualities. For example: ‘cold bites’ this figure of speech makes us realize just how cold and uncomfortable this boy was feeling as he lay on the cold floor. The personification ‘darkening garden watches’ shows that the only thing greeting our winner in a dark garden, whilst in the next line, ‘the bushes hold their breath’ this personification not only reminds us of the effort done by the boy in order to avoid those who sought him, but also portrays the silence that surrounds the boy once he emerged from his hiding place.The very last in the poem sums up the disappoint felt by the persons, as soon as he realizes that all his friends had abandoned the search long before. Indeed th e feeling is one of bitter disappointment and although this is basically a poem about childhood recollections, a moral can still be learnt from it, namely that in life, when success seems to be within easy reach, we should not allow ourselves to feel over- confident as we might end up be losing everything and feeling completely empty, and disillusioned losers. Theme of childhood ï » ¿Hide and Seek Ion the poem Hide and Seek, Vernon Scannell makes excellent use of all the sense to bring out the great excitement children usually experience whenever they play this ever- green game. The fact that short sentences are used in rapid succession and that the poem seems to have been written in one short stanza also contribute to this feeling. The persona is the one being sought, so he hides himself in the toolshed at the bottom of the garden making sure that his feet â€Å"aren’t sticking out†.The place smells salty because of the sacks of sand and both the floor and air feel damp and cold. As the seekers draw stealthily close, the poet is almost afraid to breathe and automatically closes his eyes as if by doing so, it would be difficult for his friends to find him. Time passes, the poet feels stiff, cold and uncomfortable so he decides to come out of his hiding place only to find that the other children have long abandoned the search and left him alone in the dark shed. à ¢â‚¬Å"The bushes hold their breath: the sun is gone. Yes here you are. But where are they who sought you?†Although this poem is basically a poem about childhood recollections, a moral can still be learnt form it: namely that in life, when success seems to be within easy reach, we should not allow ourselves to feel too over-confident as we might end up losing all and feeling bitterly disappointed. Diction (The writer’s choice of words) The poem starts with the imperative verb ‘call’. Examples of words in the imperative are ‘ call out’ ‘call loud’ ‘be careful’, ‘don’t breathe’, ‘don’t move’, ‘stay dumb’, ‘hide’, ‘push pff’, ‘uncurl’, ‘stretch’, ‘come and own up’.In the poem, these words/verbs in the imperative form are very important because they are showing the expertise of this boy at play in this well- loved game. It is almost as if the boy is instructing the reader as to how we should play the game as well as we possible can, in order not to be caught. In â€Å"be careful that your feet aren’t sticking out† the young persona/the young child is giving us readers a good piece of advice – he wants to make sure that he makes the search for him a very difficult one. This shows that he wanted to be the winner at all costs. This shows that he wants to be the winner at all costs.In fact, in the next line, â€Å"Wiser not to risk another shout. † The boy is again giving advice, showing that the risk of being caught is very much possible since his friends might be close by. The adjective ‘cold’ is repeated twice in the poem, whilst we also have the word ‘damp’ to show the discomfort that the boy was feeling. In this poem we also have words like, ‘musn’t sneeze’, ‘whispering’, ‘hushed’, †˜dumb’, ‘mutters’ and all the words show the excitement felt by the boy, when he was being sought by his friends, he tries to avoid any sort of noise, even going as far to say, ‘don’t breathe’.There is only one stanza in this poem and there are four instances of rhyming couplets, ‘out’ and ‘shout’, ‘door’ and ‘before’, ‘land’ and again’ and ‘coat’ and ‘throat’. The fact that there is little rhyme in thus poem is indicative of the excitement being felt by the boy as he lies in hiding. The poem is very rich in figures of speech. From the very first line we find alliteration of the letter/consonant ’c’. This alliteration almost makes the call of the boy even more audible in our minds and it also gives the poem a certain vibrant feeling from the very start.We also have alliteration in the second line, ‘sacks in the toolshed smell like the seaside’’ with the letter/consonant ‘s’ and the effect that this creates is very much like the sound of the sea upon the shore, bringing about the olfactory image of the sea to mind. The soothing sound effect created by the alliteration of the letter ‘s ‘ brings to mind a feeling of calmness and serenity; a feeling that is extended in the following line when the persona says, ‘they’ll never find you in this salty dark’ meaning that he is calm because he knows that he is safe.The alliteration of the letter/consonants in ‘sound so’ almost enables us readers to hear the low voices and the increasing silence as the tension mounts. The alliteration of the consonant ‘d’ in ‘don’t breathe’ and ‘don’t move’ brings out the sense of urgency and heightened excitement felt/experienced by the boy. We also have alliteration in ‘dark damp’, ‘smell of sand’ and in both these instances it is the alliteration of the letter ‘s’ which makes us almost feel the coarseness of the sand in the young child’s throat.The poem is also rich in personification where inanimate objects are being human qualities. For example: ‘cold bites’ this figure of speech makes us realize just how cold and uncomfortable this boy was feeling as he lay on the cold floor. The personification ‘darkening garden watches’ shows that the only thing greeting our winner in a dark garden, whilst in the next line, ‘the bushes hold their breath’ this personification not only reminds us of the effort done by the boy in order to avoid those who sought him, but also portrays the silence that surrounds the boy once he emerged from his hiding place.The very last in the poem sums up the disappoint felt by the persons, as soon as he realizes that all his friends had abandoned the search long before. Indeed the feeling is one of bitter disappointment and although this is basically a poem about childhood recollections, a moral can still be learnt from it, namely that in life, when success seems to be within easy reach, we should not allow ourselves to feel over- confident as we might end up be losing everything and feeling completely empty, and disillusioned losers. Theme of childhood

Essay on Film, “A Bronx Tale”

Amy Lau Expository Essay – â€Å"A Bronx Tale† Topic: â€Å"The choices that you make will shape your life forever† The film, set in New York City, in the 1960s, A Bronx Tale, Lorenzo (played by Robert De Niro) has a son, Calogero, whom we see throughout the film as one who made numerous decisions throughout his life, which shaped his future. One of those things was what Calogero did in the early stages of the film. At nine years old, he sat on the steps as he witnessed Sonny, a gangster, out of defense for a friend, shoot and kill someone seemingly competing with someone else over a parking spot. When Calogero was requested by NYPD detectives to identify the murderer by facial recognition, he kept quiet about the truth. As a result, Sonny welcomed him into his inner group of followers and compelled everyone he knew to please Calogero. Sonny’s men also offered Lorenzo a job to make a lot more money than he already does, but Lorenzo, preferring a law-abiding life, declined the offer. Lorenzo hated Sonny’s influence on his son (â€Å"You don’t understand: It’s not what you say, it’s what he sees, the clothes, the cars, the money, it’s everything. He tried to throw away his baseball cards because he said Mickey Mantle will never pay the rent†). When Lorenzo found out about the money that Calogero has gained from working for Sonny, he took his son’s money and returned them to Sonny at the bar and warns him to keep away from his son, which Sonny responded to Lorenzo, â€Å"I treat him like he’s my son† The turns of events that were caused by Calogero refusing to rat on Sonny in the beginning seemed to have a lasting effect. Eight years later, Calogero became close friends with Sonny and continued to regularly visit him without his father’s knowledge. He also remained part of a gang of local Italian boys he grew up with, which Sonny advised against. He then meets Jane Williams, an African American girl and the two arranged a date despite severe tension between the Blacks and the Italians, especially amongst his friends. The friends he chose also shaped his future. One night in provoked retaliation, Calogero’s friends made a plan to strike at an earlier attack back at the African Americans using molotov cocktails. They compelled Calogero to come with them in a journey to the area of the African Americans, but along the way, Sonny intervenes and orders Calogero out of the car. Calogero catches up with Jane and the two shared an intimate moment. The conversation then leads Calogero to remember of a planned attack in the town where the Blacks live, and he realises that Jane’s brother is in danger. He and Jane rush to stop them, and to her brother’s aid. Then we see Calogero’s friends attack a shop, owned by an African American, and set the shop on fire. Then the shopkeeper, taking the unexploded homemade bomb, which was thrown at him, threw it back at the boys’ car, igniting the rest of the explosives in it. Calogero and Jane arrive at the ruins of the exploded car to discover that all his friends have died as a result of their attack. In mixed feelings of grief and relief, Calogero rushes back to Sonny to thank him for saving his life. Calogero knowing Sonny certainly has its goodness. Page 1/2 Then in a crowded bar upon arrival, he sees Sonny, and also someone coming up behind Sonny with a gun. A shot is fired a Sonny falls to the floor. The unnamed assassin is the son of the man killed by Sonny eight years ago. It seemed Sonny also made a decision eight years ago which shaped his life, which in turn ended in a tragedy. When Lorenzo arrives at the end of the memorial service held for Sonny, to pay his respects to him, he says that he had never hated Sonny, but merely resented him for making Calogero grow up so quickly. In conclusion, the viewers could interpret that the fact that Calogero did not tell the NYPD detectives that Sonny was the murderer definitely has its benefits, like the fact that it has protected him from a possible retaliation that would have resulted from Sonny’s men had he chose to reveal Sonny to detectives as the murderer. And because of this, he won over friends in Sonny and his inner circle of followers, and has remained close throughout. Also, Calogero seemed positively influenced by Sonny as a result of their friendship. He says in the end: â€Å"I learned to give love and get love unconditionally. You just have to accept people for what they are. And I learned the greatest gift of all: the saddest thing in life is wasted talent. The choices that you make will shape your life forever. You can ask anybody from my neighborhood, and they'll just tell you, this is just another Bronx tale†. Page 2/2

Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture

There is a continuing debate about the factors that contribute most strongly to human development. In sociology and psychology this debate centers on the nature vs. nature viewpoints of human development. Which argument is stronger? Let’s look at them both and see. If a person believes totally in the nurture theory, they argue that a newborn baby is a â€Å"tabula rosa,† (Latin term that means blank tablet). As such, onto this blank tablet, all values, behaviors, developmental processes, are written into the baby’s mind by the infant’s environment, and this is how we all learn. However, critics of the nurture theory argue that if you go to a hospital nursery viewing area, you will notice that each newborn is not the same as the others. Some of the babies will have their eyes open, and others will be asleep most of the time. Others will cry incessantly, yet another may have to be woken up just to get fed. These people conclude that there must be some genetics involved in personality development (Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin 1984). Where the argument gets tricky is that some research has demonstrated that genetic factors are generally more important in such characteristics as intelligence or temperament, and less important in determining values, ideals and beliefs (Washburn 194). However, most recent research has led social scientists to hold the opinion that there is an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. What this means is that heredity determines a number of possible behavioral outcomes, but the environment ultimately determines the behavior. How does the nature vs. nurture controversy apply specifically to sociology? There are numerous areas regarding socialization and social development where this question still remains. In the past, social scientists have learned very heavily on the side of the nurture viewpoint in the debate. According to this view, what humans do has been explained by social environment, le... Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture There is and has always been a large controversy over whether inherited genes or the environment influences and effects our personality, development, behavior, intelligence and ability. This controversy is most often recognized as the nature verses nurture conflict. Some people believe that it is strictly genes that affect our ways of life, others believe that it is the environment that affects us, and some believe that both of these influence our behavior. Either way, social scientists have been struggling for centuries deciding whether our personalities are born or made. Tests are done often on identical twins that were separated to see how they are each influenced by their separate environments. In the past twenty years, it has been discovered that there is a genetic component to every human trait and behavior. However, genetic influence on traits and behavior is partial because genetics account on average for half of the variation of most traits. Urie Bronfrenbrenner, who studies genetics, said, "It is not nature vs. nurture, but the interaction of nature and nurture that drives development. "Researchers are finding that the balance between genetic and environmental influences for certain traits change as people get older. Also, people may react to us in a certain way because of a genetically influenced personality and, we may choose certain experiences because they fit best with our instinctive preferences. This means that our experiences may be influenced by our genetic tendencies. One way researchers study the development of traits and behaviors is by measuring the influence of genetics through out ones life span, and it is found to be that the genetic influence on cert ain trait increase as people age. A research was done to see whether a trait would show up in a child if it was environmentally influenced or genetically influenced. A child was given more negative attention than another was, and it incr... Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture Nature is a fairly specific term. It refers to genetic material that controls one’s appearance, temperaments, and abilities. These are a preset list that cannot be altered and is inherited from the mother and father. This can include things such as eye color, height, ability to do math or learn a language, patience or temper and many, many more. Some of these things such as temper are debated as to whether or not they are part of your internal nature, which makes nature versus nurture an even more complex debate. One of the earliest signs of genes showing through is the first emotions. Only hours after being born, babies in the nursery will feel sympathy and empathy for each other and when one starts to cry, others start to cry too. They are not taught to do this, they have only barely had contact with adults, it’s just natural. Emotions are basically pre-programmed. Everyone is born with the genetic ability to express emotions of a large variety from joy to rage to fea r, but they have to be in a situation that brings them out. For example, a baby will not experience rage randomly. It would probably occur later in life when the child is older and he or she gets in an argument. All people are born with their own genetic makeup. Some have more athletic ability than others, some are better students than others or some are more evil than others. Curtain things come naturally for curtain people which is why people are so unique. If some try to kill because its natural for them should people see, "They are just trying to find themselves". No, every man has free will so they need to make a choice. If every person has their own genetic problems, but have free will, doesn’t that still give them the ability to make their own conscience decision for their actions? Yes, every person has a conscience so they can’t use the excuse, that didn’t know it was wrong. People have been trying this excuse for ... Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture There is a continuing debate about the factors that contribute most strongly to human development. In sociology and psychology this debate centers on the nature vs. nature viewpoints of human development. Which argument is stronger? Let’s look at them both and see. If a person believes totally in the nurture theory, they argue that a newborn baby is a â€Å"tabula rosa,† (Latin term that means blank tablet). As such, onto this blank tablet, all values, behaviors, developmental processes, are written into the baby’s mind by the infant’s environment, and this is how we all learn. However, critics of the nurture theory argue that if you go to a hospital nursery viewing area, you will notice that each newborn is not the same as the others. Some of the babies will have their eyes open, and others will be asleep most of the time. Others will cry incessantly, yet another may have to be woken up just to get fed. These people conclude that there must be some genetics involved in personality development (Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin 1984). Where the argument gets tricky is that some research has demonstrated that genetic factors are generally more important in such characteristics as intelligence or temperament, and less important in determining values, ideals and beliefs (Washburn 194). However, most recent research has led social scientists to hold the opinion that there is an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. What this means is that heredity determines a number of possible behavioral outcomes, but the environment ultimately determines the behavior. How does the nature vs. nurture controversy apply specifically to sociology? There are numerous areas regarding socialization and social development where this question still remains. In the past, social scientists have learned very heavily on the side of the nurture viewpoint in the debate. According to this view, what humans do has been explained by social environment, le...

Process Model of the Transformation of Goods and services produces a business model

Process Model of the Transformation of Goods and services produces a business model Many people in the workforce, including those in management positions, have no concept of how operational systems interact with systems models. When maximizing usage of an effective systems model is utilized, the ability to maximize productive output in a streamlined operational system with happy workers is often much more attainable. The intention of this paper is to distinguish what a systems model is and how it is used in an operational system.Through research found in the automotive industry, I have identified 7 basic components (AMS, 1) necessary to maintain an effective operational system in the automotive industry. They are listed because they appear to be generic to be applied to many other types of companies rather than just limiting them to the automotive industry.1)Clearly Stated Expectations2)Established and Communicated Standards3)Communicated Policies4)Provided/Listed Resources5)Coached Activities6)Help Ensure Consistency7)Provide the Basis for trainingTo relate these f undamentals to the content of the week 4 lecture, I have 'borrowed' the illustration included from the lecture notes pertaining to knowledge as a system.Cranial Facial Pumpkin Model Competition GVSU SLP ...It appeared that this figure could help to define some of the core components of what an operational system is and some of the steps that relate back to the Automotive Management Systems content.According to the figure presented in the week 4 lecture notes, a model might appear as follows:The four points on the illustration are:1)Learn, Create, Discover, Acquire2)Transform into goods services3)Harvest, Product, Sell, Consume4)Innovation: breathing new life into existing technologies, goods and servicesNow, to come full circle and relate this back to the AMS content it is important to realize that the AMS content is related to the successful techniques associated with the optimization of the transformation process.

Art History essays

Art History essays As man evolved over centuries, his views of art also transformed. Each culture and era presents very distinct characteristics of their art. Through time and experimentation, the views of mankind clearly are seen with art. We must understand how art was used in the past, to know why we need it today. Egyptians were the first people to make a large impact on the world of art. Egyptians needed art for their religious beliefs more than decoration or self-gratification. The most important aspect of Egyptian life is the ka, the part of the human spirit that lives on after death. The ka needed a physical place to occupy or it would disappear. The double that lingered on in the tomb inhabiting the body or even statues of the deceases, but was also independent of man and could move, eat and drink at will. Most of the important men of Egypt paid to have their body carved out of stone. That was where the spirit would live after the man dies. They used stone because it was the strongest material they could find. Longevity was very important. The bodies are always idealized and clothed. Figures are very rigid, close-fisted, and are built on a vertical axis to show that the person is grand or intimidating. Most of the figures were seen in the same: profile of the legs, frontal view of the torso, and profile of the head. The style is called frontalism. In reliefs or paintings, frontailsm means that the head of the character is always drawn in profile, while the body is seen from the front. Like most civilizations, Egyptians put a lot of faith in gods. The sky god Horus, a bird, is found in a great amount of Egyptian art. Little recognition was ever given to the artists. The emphasis was on the patron. Early Greek art was greatly influenced by the Egyptians. Geography permitted both cultures to exchange their talents. The beginning of Greek art is marked by the Geo-metric phase. The most common art during the Geo-metr...

Alfred Adler essays

Alfred Adler essays Alfred Adler born 1870 and died 1937), was an Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, born in Vienna, and educated at Vienna University. After leaving the university, he studied and was associated with Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. In 1911 Adler left the orthodox psychoanalytic school to found a neo-Freudian school of psychoanalysis. After 1926 he was a visiting professor at Columbia University, and in 1935 he and his family moved to the United States. In his analysis of individual development, Adler stressed the sense of inferiority, rather than sexual drives, as the motivating force in human life. According to Adler, conscious or subconscious feelings of inferiority (to which he gave the name inferiority complex), combined with compensatory defense mechanisms, are the basic causes of psychopathological behavior. The function of the psychoanalyst, furthermore, is to discover and rationalize such feelings and break down the compensatory, neurotic will for power that they engender in the patient. Adler's works include The Theory and Practice of Individual Psychology (1918) and The Pattern of Life (1930). Alfred Adler studied personality around the time of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung but developed very different ideas (Cloninger, 1996). Although he changed his theory many times during his lifetime, he always believed people had control over their lives and made choices concerning themselves. He named his theory Individual Psychology because he felt each person was unique and no previous theory applied to all people. Adlers theory is comprised primarily of four aspects: striving towards superiority, the unity of personality, the development of personality, and psychological health, which includes intervention. Motivation of Actions Adler believed the main goal of all people is to move to a better way of life, although he admits the ways to achieve this goal varies among people (Cloninger, 1996). He first use...

m2 A5 Essay

m2 A5 Essay m2 A5 Essay Choose Intuition The choices one is constrained to make can have long-lasting effects. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† written by George Orwell, writes a short story about a past event from his life when he had chosen against his conscience while serving as a British police officer in Burma. Orwell’s misery, moral dilemmas, and his pride prevents him from feeling satisfied and fulfilled with his life. Being apart of British imperialism that Orwell hated, along side of his job, and the hatred towards the Burmese natives. Orwell felt isolated and mentally weak being unable to share his thoughts on imperialism as being â€Å"evil† with his fellow partners nor with the Burmese. He observed â€Å"the dirty work of Empire at close quarters,† the cruel imprisonments that the British used to to enforce their control over Burma. An â€Å"utter silence† that was imposed on everyone is a result of the reasoning behind imperialism. The British thinking that they were different, believing their culture had more power than Burma. Therefore, the British were thought to h ave been superior, and that they were to rule Burma. No one was seen as being equal, an invisible wall divided them. Orwell’s hatred for the Burmese is caused by their bitter feelings against the Europeans. He felt like an â€Å"obvious target† being a police officer, and that he was â€Å"baited† when not paying close attention. Being tripped by a Burman at a soccer game, â€Å"the crowd yelled with hideous laughter,† which hurt Orwell’s ego. He felt stuck between the hatred of the empire he was serving and rage towards the â€Å"evil-spirited little beasts.† His helping with oppressing the Burmese caused him to feel guilty and to hate his job. The moral dilemma that Orwell is faced with is that he must choose between two options. He is notified about a tamed elephant under the influence of a â€Å"must† has broken loose and terrorizing, Orwell takes a rifle in hope the noise might scare off a potential charging elephant. When finding that a coolie has been killed by the elephant he trades in his rifle for a much larger gun that was to be used for self defense. The Burmese who are following him assume that, since he now has an elephant gun he has decided to kill the beast. The crowed grows quicky to over two thousand natives. When Orwell sights the elephant, he â€Å"knew with perfect curtainty that I ought not to shoot him.† The â€Å"must† is leaving, and the elephant is peacefully eating grass. Orwell â€Å"did not in the least want to shoot him,† knowingly that by doing so would be destroying a valuable and useful creature. The crowed of the Burmese silently demands a show, they expect a â€Å"sahib† to act without wavering. One options is to

Biography of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau

Biography of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau Pierre Trudeau had a commanding intellect and was attractive, aloof and arrogant. He had a vision of a united Canada that included both English and French as equals, with a strong federal government, based on a just society. Prime Minister of Canada 1968-79, 1980-84 Highlights as Prime Minister Repatriation of the Constitution (video from CBC Digital Archives)Charter of Rights and FreedomsOfficial Languages Act and bilingualism in CanadaSocial welfare programs expandedIntroduction of multiculturalism policyCanadian content programsAppointed Jeanne Sauvà © the first woman Speaker of the House of Commons in 1980, and then the first woman Governor General of Canada in 1984 Birth: October 18, 1918, in Montreal, Quebec Death: September 28, 2000, in Montreal, Quebec Education: BA - Jean de Brà ©beuf College, LL.L - Università © de Montrà ©al, MA, Political Economy - Harvard University, École des sciences politiques, Paris, London School of Economics Professional Career: Lawyer, university professor, author Political Affiliation: Liberal Party of Canada Riding (Electoral Districts): Mount Royal Early Days of Pierre Trudeau Pierre Trudeau was from a well-to-do family in Montreal. His father was a French-Canadian businessman, His mother was of Scottish ancestry, and although bilingual, spoke English at home. After his formal education, Pierre Trudeau traveled extensively. He returned to Quebec, where he provided support to the unions in the Asbestos Strike. In 1950-51, he worked for a short time in the Privy Council Office in Ottawa. Returning to Montreal, he became co-editor and a dominant influence in the journal Cità © Libre. He used the journal as a platform for his political and economic views on Quebec. In 1961, Trudeau worked as a law professor at the Università © de Montrà ©al. With nationalism and separatism growing in Quebec, Pierre Trudeau argued for a renewed federalism, and he began to consider turning to federal politics. Trudeaus Beginnings in Politics In 1965, Pierre Trudeau, with Quebec labor leader Jean Marchand and newspaper editor Gà ©rard Pelletier, became candidates in the federal election called by Prime Minister Lester Pearson. The Three Wise Men all won seats. Pierre Trudeau became the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister and later Justice Minister. As Justice Minister, his reform of divorce laws, and liberalization of laws on abortion, homosexuality and public lotteries, brought him national attention. His strong defense of federalism against nationalist demands in Quebec also attracted interest. Trudeaumania In 1968 Lester Pearson announced he would resign as soon as a new leader could be found, and Pierre Trudeau was persuaded to run. Pearson gave Trudeau the principal seat at the federal-provincial constitutional conference and he got nightly news coverage. The leadership convention was close, but Trudeau won and became prime minister. He immediately called an election. It was the 60s. Canada was just coming out of a year of centennial celebrations and Canadians were upbeat. Trudeau was attractive, athletic and witty and the new Conservative leader Robert Stanfield seemed slow and dull. Trudeau led the Liberals to a majority government. Trudeau Government in the 70s In government, Pierre Trudeau made it clear early on that he would be increasing the francophone presence in Ottawa. Major positions in cabinet and in the Privy Council Office were given to francophones. He also put an emphasis on regional economic development and streamlining the Ottawa bureaucracy. An important new piece of legislation passed in 1969 was the Official Languages Act, which is designed to ensure that the federal government is able to provide services to English- and French-speaking Canadians in the language of their choice. There was a good deal of backlash to the threat of bilingualism in English Canada, some of which remains today, but the Act seems to be doing its job. The biggest challenge was the October Crisis in 1970. British diplomat James Cross and Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte were kidnapped by the Front de Libà ©ration du Quà ©bec (FLQ) terrorist organization. Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, which cut civil liberties temporarily. Pierre Laporte was killed shortly afterward, but James Cross was freed. Trudeaus government also made attempts to centralize decision-making in Ottawa, which was not very popular. Canada was facing inflation and unemployment pressures, and the government was reduced to a minority in the 1972 election. It continued to govern with the help of the NDP. In 1974 the Liberals were back with a majority. The economy, especially inflation, was still a big problem, and Trudeau introduced mandatory Wage and Price Controls in 1975. In Quebec, Premier Robert Bourassa and the Liberal provincial government had introduced its own Official Language Act, backing off of bilingualism and making the province of Quebec officially unilingual French. In 1976 Renà © Là ©vesque led the Parti Quà ©becois (PQ) to victory. They introduced Bill 101, much stronger French legislation than Bourassas. The federal Liberals narrowly lost the 1979 election to Joe Clark and the Progressive Conservatives. A few months later Pierre Trudeau announced he was resigning as Liberal Party leader. However, just three weeks later, the Progressive Conservatives lost a confidence vote in the House of Commons and an election was called. The Liberals persuaded Pierre Trudeau to stay on as Liberal leader. In early 1980, Pierre Trudeau was back as Prime Minister, with a majority government. Pierre Trudeau and the Constitution Shortly after the 1980 election, Pierre Trudeau was leading the federal Liberals in the campaign to defeat the PQ proposal in the 1980 Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty-Association. When the NO side won, Trudeau felt he owed Quebeckers constitutional change. When the provinces disagreed among themselves about the patriation of the constitution, Trudeau got the backing of the Liberal caucus and told the country that he would act unilaterally. Two years of federal-provincial constitutional wrangling later, he had a compromise and the Constitution Act, 1982 was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth in Ottawa on April 17, 1982. It guaranteed minority language and education rights and entrenched a charter of rights and freedoms that satisfied nine provinces, with the exception of Quebec. It also included an amending formula and a notwithstanding clause which allowed parliament or a provincial legislature to opt out of specific sections of the charter.