P-47 Thunderbolt in World War II

During the 1930s, the Seversky Aircraft Company designed several fighters for the US Army Air Corps (USAAC) under the guidance of Alexander de Seversky and Alexander Kartveli. In the late 1930s, the two designers experimented with belly-mounted turbochargers and created the AP-4 demonstrator. Having changed the company name to Republic Aircraft, Seversky and Kartveli moved forward and applied this technology to the P-43 Lancer. A somewhat disappointing aircraft, Republic continued to work with the design evolving it into the XP-44 Rocket/AP-10. A fairly lightweight fighter, the USAAC was intrigued and moved the project forward as the XP-47 and XP-47A. A contract was awarded in November 1939, however the USAAC, watching the early months of World War II, soon concluded that the proposed fighter was inferior to current German aircraft. As a result, it issued a new set of requirements which included a minimum airspeed of 400 mph, six machine guns, pilot armor, self-sealing fuel tanks, and 315 gallons of fuel. Returning to the drawing board, Kartveli radically changed the design and created the XP-47B. P-47D Thunderbolt Specifications General Length:  36 ft. 1 in.Wingspan:  40 ft. 9 in.Height:  14 ft. 8 in.Wing Area:  300 sq. ft.Empty Weight:  10,000 lbs.Loaded Weight:  17,500 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight:  17,500 lbs.Crew:  1 Performance Maximum Speed:  433 mphRange:  800 miles (combat)Rate of Climb:  3,120 ft./min.Service Ceiling:  43,000 ft.Power Plant:  1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-59 twin-row radial engine, 2,535 hp Armament 8 Ãâ€" .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsUp to 2,500 lb of bombs10 x 5 unguided rockets Development Presented to the USAAC in June 1940, the new aircraft was a behemoth with an empty weight of 9,900 lbs. and centered on the 2,000 hp Pratt Whitney Double Wasp XR-2800-21, the most powerful engine yet produced in the United States. In response to the aircrafts weight, Kartveli commented,It will be a dinosaur, but it will be a dinosaur with good proportions. Featuring eight machine guns, the XP-47 featured elliptical wings and an efficient, durable turbocharger which was mounted in the fuselage behind the pilot. Impressed, the USAAC awarded a contract for the XP-47 on September 6, 1940, despite the fact that it weighed twice as much as the Supermarine Spitfire and Messerschmitt Bf 109 then being flown in Europe. Working quickly, Republic had the XP-47 prototype ready for its maiden flight on May 6, 1941. Though it exceeded Republics expectations and achieved a top speed of 412 mph, the aircraft underwent several teething problems including excessive control loads at high altitude, canopy jams, ignition arcing at high altitudes, less than desired maneuverability, and issues with the cloth-covered control surfaces. These issues were dealt with through the addition of a reward sliding canopy, metal control surfaces, and a pressurized ignition system. Additionally, a four-blade propeller was added to better take advantage of the engines power. Despite the loss of the prototype in August 1942, the USAAC ordered 171 P-47Bs and 602 of the follow-on P-47C. Improvements Dubbed the Thunderbolt, the P-47 entered service with the 56th Fighter Group in November 1942. Initially derided for its size by British pilots, the P-47 proved effective as a high-altitude escort and during fighter sweeps, as well as showed that it could out-dive any fighter in Europe. Conversely, it lacked the fuel capacity for long-range escort duties and the low-altitude maneuverability of its German opponents. By mid-1943, improved variants of the P-47C became available which possessed external fuel tanks to improve range and a longer fuselage for great maneuverability. The P-47C also incorporated a turbosupercharger regulator, reinforced metal control surfaces, and a shortened radio mast. As the variant moved forward, a host of minor improvements were included such as enhancements to the electrical system and a re-balancing of the rudder and elevators. Work on the aircraft continued as the war progressed with the arrival of the P-47D. Constructed in twenty-one variants, 12,602 P-47Ds were built during the course of the war. Early models of the P-47 possessed a tall fuselage spine and a razorback canopy configuration. This resulted in poor rear visibility and efforts were made to fit variants of the P-47D with bubble canopies. This proved successful and the bubble canopy was used on some subsequent models. Among the multitude of changes made with the P-47D and its sub-variants were the inclusion of wet mounts on the wings for carrying additional drop tanks as well as the use of a jettisonable canopy and a bulletproof windscreen. Beginning with the Block 22 set of P-47Ds, the original propeller was replaced with a larger type to increase performance. Additionally, with the introduction of the P-47D-40, the aircraft became capable of mounting ten high-velocity aircraft rockets under the wings and utilized the new K-14 computing gunsight. Two other notable editions of the aircraft were the P-47M and P-47N. The former was equipped with a 2,800 hp engine and modified for use in downing V-1 buzz bombs and German jets. A total of 130 were built and many suffered from a variety of engine problems. The final production model of the aircraft, the P-47N was intended as an escort for B-29 Superfortresses in the Pacific. Possessing an extended range and improved engine, 1,816 were built before the end of the war. Introduction The P-47 first saw action with the fighter groups of the Eighth Air Force in mid-1943. Dubbed the Jug by its pilots, it was either loved or hated. Many American pilots likened the aircraft to flying a bathtub around the sky. Though early models possessed a poor rate of climb and lacked maneuverability, the aircraft proved extremely rugged and a stable gun platform. The aircraft scored its first kill on April 15, 1943, when Major Don Blakeslee downed a German FW-190. Due to the performance issues, many early P-47 kills were the result of tactics which utilized the aircrafts superior diving ability. By the end of the year, the US Army Air Force was using the fighter in most theaters. The arrival of newer versions of the aircraft and a new Curtiss paddle-blade propeller greatly enhanced the P-47s capabilities, most notably its rate of climb. In addition, efforts had been made to extend its range to allow it to fulfill an escort role. Though this was ultimately taken over by the new North American P-51 Mustang, the P-47 remained an effective combatant and scored the majority of American kills in the early months of 1944. A New Role During this time, the discovery was made that the P-47 was a highly-effective ground-attack aircraft. This occurred as pilots sought targets of opportunity while returning from bomber escort duty. Capable of sustaining severe damage and remaining aloft, P-47s were soon fitted with bomb shackles and unguided rockets. From D-Day on June 6, 1944, through the end of the war, P-47 units destroyed 86,000 railway cars, 9,000 locomotives, 6,000 armored fighting vehicles, and 68,000 trucks. While the P-47s eight machine guns were effective against most targets, it also carried two 500-lb. bombs for dealing with heavy armor. By the end of World War II, the 15,686 P-47s of all types had been constructed. These aircraft flew over 746,000 sorties and downed 3,752 enemy aircraft. P-47 losses during the conflict totaled 3,499 to all causes. Though production ended shortly after the war ended, the P-47 was retained by the USAAF/US Air Force until 1949. Re-designated the F-47 in 1948, the aircraft was flown by the Air National Guard until 1953. During the war, the P-47 was also flown by Britain, France, Soviet Union, Brazil, and Mexico. In the years following the war, the aircraft was operated by Italy, China, and Yugoslavia, as well as several Latin American countries who retained the type into the 1960s. Selected Sources Aviation History: P-47 ThunderboltWarbird Alley: P-47 Thunderbolt

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1536 Words

Adultery was a moral wrongdoing and transgression in 1850. Hawthorne captured the essence of the events that could occur in any Puritan woman’s life after committing this sin from his own perspective of the topic, Hawthorne did this within a writing of his. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850. The Scarlet Letter is about the life of Hester Prynne and the other characters after she played a part in committing the sin of Adultery. Hester partakes in moral trials throughout the novel too, some even concerning her daughter Pearl. The Scarlet Letter reflects on the toll that secrets can play of a person, through Dimmesdale and the effects of a person s decisions on others around them. The novel also speaks of how†¦show more content†¦The next quite influential and important scene would be in Chapter 10. Chillingworth has taken residence in Dimmesdale’s home where he grows more suspicious every day of Dimmesdale. Chillingworth starts rummagi ng through Dimmesdale’s possessions, driven by his wanting for revenge. The majority of the scene exposes the urgency of Chillingworth to procure evidence to support his theory the Dimmesdale is the other half of the guilty party that hasn’t received the punishment for his transgression. Throughout the encounter between the two the point of views the other has on the effect of confessing your sins. Chillingworth doesn’t understand why a person would hide their sins in a way that they can’t recieve judgement and punishment by the people. He believes a person will be set free if they put their sins out in the open. Dimmesdale’s point of view is that it doesn’t matter when you confess you as long as the person can feel the same weight lifting as if they confessed it from the beginning. Dimmesdale actually slips up as he defends his point. He uses himself as an example not expecting Chillingsworth to connect the dots. Dimmesdale questions, â₠¬Å"What better way to receive penance for a sin then to do God’s work? How can a man continue to do God’s workShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Big Bother and Big Sister Essay - 895 Words

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBSA) is the largest youth mentoring organization in the United States. The organization provides one-to-one mentoring relationships between children and adults. Its purpose is to provide friendship, emotional support, and guidance to youth through their involvement with positive role models. BBBSAs national motto is making a difference, one child at a time. According to the Big Brother Big Sister Association of Cincinnati, the idea of developing one-to-one mentoring relationships can be traced back to 1903. Irvin Wertheimer, a Cincinnati businessman, is acknowledged as the creator of the Big Brother/Big Sister concept. He had seen a young boy and his dog scrounging for food in a trash can.†¦show more content†¦Someone who cares whether he lives or dies. I call for a volunteer! Every man in the room raised his hand. The New York Big Brothers was founded and the movement had its name (Big Brothers Big Sisters Association of Cincinnati). Coulter is considered the founder of Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. In 1905, Mrs. John Okeefe began a Big Sisters program in New York City after learning of the Big Brothers programs success. Okeefe became known as the first Big Sister. The U. S. Congress chartered Big Brothers of America in 1958. Big Sisters International was chartered in 1970. The organizations merged forming Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America in 1977. Today, the BBBS of America Federation has grown to include 500 agencies in all 50 states and across the world. The societal impact of Big Brothers Big Sisters was analyzed by Public/Private Ventures, a national research organization, through a four part report series called making a Difference (Tierney, Grossman amp; Resch, 2000). The research was conducted from 1992-1995 and provided evidence of the positive effects of mentoring programs on youth. A comparative study of 959Show MoreRelatedMy Personal Statement On Education1087 Words   |  5 Pagesimportance of education to my five sisters and me. My education is my fuel and motiv ation to succeed in any task I take. Growing up with an alcoholic father was challenging. At a young age I did not understand what was going on with my father and why he would often come back home late in the weekends. I was not aware he worked tiresome hours and that drinking helped him feel better and forget his pain. Often being tired my sister and I were not supposed to bother him, he should be left alone to sleepRead MorePersonal Narrative : A Missing Piece927 Words   |  4 Pagescompletely that it was a movie, but it struck me kind of hard since I understand what it feels like to be left behind. Even though my situation is a little different, I faced the same challenges and emotions. My father didn’t just walk out and leave my sisters and I behind like we were nothing, he passed away leaving a wife and three girls behind. My dad was my best friend, he would always pick me up from pre-school and take me back to his apartment where we would play games and watch movies. At this timeRead MoreWe re All Haitian Family776 Words   |  4 PagesWe re all Haitian in my family. It s not a big family, but we re happy when we are together. My parents are very strict, I could say that it s in our culture, but not all Haitian parents are strict. It s just the way Haitians are. Heritage? I don t think I have that in my family, except soils, animals like ducks, donkey, cow, and houses my grand-grandfather left before he died, but we don t care that much. They re not that important because all they bring is trouble in families. EducationRead MoreWe re All Haitian Family Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesWe re all Haitian in my family. It s not a big family, but we re happy when we are together. My parents are very strict, I could say that it s in our culture, but not all Haitian parents are strict. It s just the way Haitians are. Heritage? I don t think I have that in my family, except soils, animals like ducks, donkey, cow, and houses my grand-grandfather left before he died, but we don t care that much. They re not that important because all they bring is trouble to families. EducationRead MorePersonal Narrative : Sisters By Chance, Friends By Choice891 Words   |  4 PagesSisters By Chance, Friends By Choice Having a relationship with a sister is something not everyone gets to experience. However, I am able to say I have that opportunity. My sister and I are significantly different in many ways. Especially when it comes to age; she is sixteen years older than me. When I was born I am sure it was a big change for her. When I was younger she lived at home while she was going to college. However, when she decided to go back to college to get her masters she moved awayRead More Movie Essays - Romanticism in the Film Version of The Big Sleep1542 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Film Version of The Big Sleep      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Raymond Chandlers novel The Big Sleep, he presents two sisters, Vivian and Carmen. These women become the central characters, aside from Philip Marlowe, and they control much of the action in the novel. The 1946 film version of The Big Sleep, however, manipulates Chandlers characters considerably. Aside from playing with the dialogue of the novel, the screen-writers change the very essences of Vivian and Carmen. Perhaps itRead MoreMy Life Of My Mother1104 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I was 5 I realized I would always have a temporary home, moving from place to place. My mother was always heavily induced with drugs and alcohol, never knowing my dad, unfortunately, I felt as if I was one big mistake on this earth. 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Business Research - 3093 Words

Learning Log - Activity 3.7 The purpose of the study for learning log –Activity 3.7 was conducting a literature search for suitable papers on stakeholder theory. During the study I used common rules for searching literature: * scoping (and context) (Collins and Hussey, 2008); for scoping I usually looking for a last ten-five years literature * key word(s) searching in present I used words such as ‘Globalization†, â€Å"Sustainability, etc. * refining the search on stakeholder theory. I selected articles from journals in ABS (Association of Business Schools) list rated level â€Å"3† and â€Å"4† only. (ABS,2012) During this log I passed some stages: * search literature on the stakeholder theory * review the literature *†¦show more content†¦human rights, global warming, and deforestation), democratic deliberations is the acceptable and legitimizing means. Author presents findings via analysis of case studies Shin tech and Shell. Table 3: Article two information For my third search I considered the increasing importance of sustainability in today’s business practice. Notwithstanding the multidisciplinary approaches in addressing the sustainability issues, my earlier encounter with the subject came during my legal practice. Bell (2009) and Gould amp; Lewis (2009) also offered insights on environmental justice and sociology. Here, I was particularly interested on the responsibility of business management, after taking into account political and economic implications and environmental ethics associated with sustainability. I proceeded with the following (See Table 4 below) Table 4Search N | Search Terms | Search Options | Actions | S4 | TX stakeholder theory AND TX sustainable development AND TX Environmental responsibility AND TX environmental aspects | Full Text; References Available; Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals; Published Date from: 20080101-20131231 | View Results (71) | From the result list I chose the article ranked number one. After skim reading I selected Article three, and reflected on real situation and problems it presented.(Table 5) Table 5: Article three information I was interested in this article because the author provided aShow MoreRelatedBusiness Research : Business And Management Research1396 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Research Assignment 1 ‘Business and management research is a systematic inquiry that helps to solve business problems and contributes to management knowledge. 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Senior Geography Project Free Essays

I have chosen to pick Broadmeadow for the area, as whilst I got robbed, many other community members got robbed on the same day, by the same person. This area seems relevant to my investigation and should provide some interesting results. The area is also very close to home, so I wouldn’t need to go out of my way to get to the place needed for investigating. We will write a custom essay sample on Senior Geography Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now The three aims that I have chosen all relate back to the robbery that took place in my home. I want to investigate if this was just coincidence or if this is happening across the whole board. I also want to investigate the security measures people have put into place to counter this criminal aactivity. Aims of the topic: 1. To investigate the trends in Crime Rate over the last 5 years 2. To investigate the security measures people have put into place 3. To identify major types of crime Hypotheses: 1. Over the last 5 years, I think that the crime rate has slowly increased, to its peak. On the radio/tv/computer I hear about different robberies daily. I think this trend will have an affect across all of NSW and Australia. 2. In Broadmeadow, I think that people will have ssimilar security measures as one another. I think this would be because of council regulation and what other people in the neighborhood have recommended. 3. I think that the most common form of crime in the Broadmeadow area would be either theft or break and enter. Due to the large amount of criminal aactivity in the area. Plan of Investigation/Methodology Steps for Research: 1. Find topic – research if applicable in area 2. Find aims, hypothesize the aims 3. Rationale of the topic 4. Finding of ways to collect and provide examples 5. Walk around Broadmeadow area and recording security measures 6. Interview police on crime rates/ major types of crime in Broadmeadow 7. Research on the internet the verify findings 8. Analyse information 9. Evaluate findings 10. Does this support or refute the hypotheses? 11. What are the implications of the findings Explanations: 1. Whilst walking around the Broadmeadow area, I will record what security measures owiners have on their houses into a table. This will include 50 houses from 3 roads – Everton Street, Dumaresq Street and Blackall Street. Next I will gather all this data and find the ppercentage of each security measure. Next I will analyse these findings and compare them to findings on the internet and make an appropriate conclusion either supporting or refuting the hypothesis made. 2. I will create an interview based on the findings of the previous research. These questions will involve finding statistics on crime rates/major types which I can then relate back to the previous research found. Once the data has been recorded, I will separate these findings into two graphs; One graph will show the deviation in in crime rates, the other will show major types of crime and the security measure most affected by this. How to cite Senior Geography Project, Papers

Business Management Ordinary Legislative Procedure

Question: Describe about the House believes that the United Kingdom should leave the European Union?. Answer: Should UK Leave European Union? The European Union law gets divided into two forms of legislation, the primary legislation, and the secondary legislation. The decisions so made depend on upon the procedure known as the Ordinary Legislative Procedure. The European Union Legislation holds a broad aspect of its application with an effect over the place of implementation. The main reason behind the belief of the House believes for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union is because it weakens the supremacy of the parliament (Butler et al. 2016). The parliamentary sovereignty is supposed to be the fundamental tenets of the British Constitution, which reinforcements the legal system. The European Union contributes to the various ongoing procedure of the Union. So, to debate on the fact whether the United Kingdom must leave the European Union it is important to see different aspects of its properties and the judgments accordingly so as to come to a conclusion. They are: 1. The EU using the British economy: the EU acts as the central government acts in the redistribution from the poor and the affluent areas. Some critics believe that the EU is a drain on the British economy since a huge amount of the money gets allowed for the wasteful spending and the bureaucracy. Nearly 50% of the EU spending goes to the Common Agricultural Policy. 2. The Europeans contribution to the strengthening structure of the democratic: the members elected are within the member states and is a democratic process. Some critics view the opinion that the EU is run by the unelected members and unaccountable elites who holds a huge power (Minford et al.2015). They even misguide the legislative procedure and bring such facts in the legislation that is not voted by the natural parliament. The powers are divided although in a desperate manner yet the citizens get the opportunity for influencing the national policy for their interest with the support of the elected members. 3. Co-operating against the global crime and terror: the EU has a major role to cooperate against the global crime and error. It is believed that the Europol is an effective multi-national police to get the benefits within the country. The critics believe that Europol is an essential medium through which the crime and terror enter the country, and the criminals get the scope to cross the borders. But since the Europol is a strong security, so they get caught. The critics believe that the crimes got the pass through the boundaries due to the UK and its involvement with EU (Gifford 2014). 4. Reintroducing the full powers in the Westminster- the primary role of the EU is not to legislate on the minor issues which are likely to affect the individual nations. The general role of the EU is to interfere in the issues like the foreign policy and the common trade issues (Piris 2016). The critics hold the view that the though the EU holds a parliament, the single state objection does not bring any effect to the EU when the other states are for it. The states do not get veto while a new legislation is decided. References: Butler, G., Dagnis Jensen, M. and Snaith, H., 2016. Slow change may pull us apart: debating a British exit from the European Union.Journal of European Public Policy, pp.1-7. Gifford, C., 2014. The People Against Europe: The Eurosceptic Challenge to the United Kingdom's Coalition Government.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,52(3), pp.512-528.s Minford, P., Gupta, S., Le, V.P.M., Mahambare, V. and Xu, Y., 2015.Should Britain leave the EU?: an economic analysis of a troubled relationship. Edward Elgar Publishing. Piris, J.C., 2016. If the UK votes to leave.The seven alternatives to EU membership, Centre for European Reform, London.

Visual Text and Communication

Question: 1. Unlimited semiosis refers to the highly dynamic processes of new interpretations of media texts. Signs have the ability to trigger an infinite chain of meanings associations are shifted accordingly to specific situations ? 2. Identify another example that supports the notion of unlimited semiosis and discuss how different meanings may be constructed and derived from it. The selected sign, whichcould comprise any elements such as shape, colour, object, symbol and picture, must be described clearly. Drawings are not required ? 3. Genres are codes and conventions used to help us classify films. Some common Hollywood genres are science fiction, horror, comedy and romance. Explain how genres are used by the following groups of people. Employ examples of films to illustrate your points.? 4. Films rarely fit into neat, distinct genre categories. Discuss with examples how hybridity of genres can be useful in making films appeal to audiences ? 5. Image B was used extensively in the 2008 Obama presidential campaign. Examine the frame composition, symbols, and texts used in the design. Analyse the image using Saussures theory of signifiers and signifieds and identify the emotional response the image aims to evoke from its audience.? 6. The meanings of an image may be explained, accentuated or even changed by the choice of accompanying elements (e.g. words, captions, music). In print media, the use of words with images can have two functions: relay or anchorage.? 7. In semiotics, signs and codes help audience make sense of the visual imagery we see in popular media. With reference to Image D, discuss how signs and cultural codes help us associate meanings and parody a conventional idea.? Answer: 1. Unlimited semiotic is the process to see to this world as a different alternative. The world is full of codes and codec. There are the new interpretation of the signs and symbols. We know that each country has an inherited past and that legacy influences the growth and development of the countrys semiotic background. Every sign has a specific meaning and the meaning is injected and ejaculated through the socio political and cultural background of the place where the meaning is searched from (Womack, 2005). This image can really convey a series of meaning which are different from each other in totality. For some the interpretation of the representation of the braches can be life. They can denote the various patterns in which the life takes its course. The branches of the tree jutting upwards to heaven may imply that the branches are delving their homage to the eternity or life is traversing the stipulated path to the eternal death (Semiotics, 2011). They represent amen of the life. This is a ephemeral journey to the eternal soul. There can be other representations as well depending on the analogues. This can be said as the complexities. We travel along the lines of life with many complexities. The branches amalgamating and mingling with each other can give a notion of the complexities we can face in life. The picture is black and white. Thus it can be deduced that the colors from the life are jarred away with the wind. Life is equally dark and dank. The din of the world rarely touches the eardrum now. Among that sanitary silence there is a long route. The long route leads to heaven. These can be the possible interpretations of the image. There can be many more. 2. Another example that juts out unlimited of semiotic connections can be the image of Pieta by Michelangelo. This sculpture is one of the finest in the world where Mary is holding Christ dead in her arms. This image arouses sentiments of myriad fascinations among men and women of all times and thus is a great example to discuss (Gottdiener etal. 2003). It is seen that the lady is mourning and holding the dead man in her laps. The expression of the face and the body is clearly visible through the excellent carvings of the same. There can be many inferences made from the sculpture. Some say that this represents the mourning of mankind. It is the representation of the holy mother which is nothing but the soul of the humanity. The semiotic reference drawn to this image by some is that this is the definition and deduction of love and solidarity. Some remark that this image is nothing but a religious epitome of the renaissance period. Thus it is evident that many people derive various meanings from the same sculpture depending on the angle they see. 3. Genres are very important part of analysis for the different class of people: Audiences: the genres are exploited to a great extent by this class. Say for example the film named as Exorcist is a horror genre film, thus a person who is afraid and of feeble heart shall abhor from being as an audience here. The genres help the people to speculate the taste and they can also adjust their mentalities. This can be disturbing as well. Say the film says family and the same implies else things then all are turned upside down. The genre shall help in decision. Say the film Harry Potter is under the fiction series and the film Yeti is a science fiction. Thus the genres help the person to classify and be a better judge of the thing. Producers: the producers are making the real investment. They must know about the genre to make sure whether the film investment is proper. It is not possible for them to know the tit bits of the same but if the genre is stipulated then it is easy to decide. The genre is that genome which guides the person properly. 4. Hybridist is a term much in use today. The films abide by top this use very much; there are hoards of new films which are suing the term in their application. This extends the boundary of film genre generalization. Then the thing becomes really appreciable by the audience. It is then free if a befitting genre classification (Bundgaard and Stjernfelt, 2010). The scope to define the film becomes broad. Thus Hybridist really changes the application. Here there are the amalgamations of two genres and the creativity is really at a go. There are no bounds to the creativity then. the genres mixed with each other can really flourish in their own manner. 5. The poster of Barrack Obama used extensively in the campaign has really elevated meanings. as per the theorems devised by Robert Saussure regarding the application of semiotics in the daily life, we know that the colors and the symbols really serve a great thing under our look. The sub conscious of man is affected immensely through the colors and the patterns and the design. These are so important today for the aforesaid phenomenon of human nature. if we closely examine the image what we see? We see a perfect blend of three colors: namely red, blue and white to a small extent. if the coloration is deduced and the representations of the codes and taken into consideration then it shall be very clear that the colors used here and the colors of the American Flag. the theory of Saussure says that there is a Signifier and a signified in every stream of conscious thought. Here the signifier is the primary colors that denote the country. the man's face drawn in those colors are the signif ied which implies that the man is colored in the flag of the country and he is the best. The sub concision of the commons shall be affected greatly through the design and the details of the same. the text analysis is important here. The text says HOPE. Which implies that the Hope of the nation is Dependant on the man who is drawn in the colors of the nation? This is one of the most incredible presidential posters designed ever in the history of poster designing where such a huge amount of the semiotic elements were used to influence the commons. the emotional response which the image evokes in the minds of men are huge and great. they felt a kind of relief on the man in the image and thus it has been a huge success. the coloration and the arrangement of the same with a clear slogan made the poster a huge success. 6. The picture suggests a boy holding a ball in front of two men. Then the striking feature comes to forth that the persons who are seen but their legs are physically impaired. The break of the subject is really appealing then. The words HOPELESS and the picture tells a story. This is a very important aspect of the print media where the words and the images connive to create a different tale. Say for this poster the image says something else and the words say something. yet when they have connived the tale is totally different. The words are the codes and the picture is the symbol. as for an image of a tree and the words SHELTER FOR FUTURE makes a different sense all together or a chained bird in the picture and the word CHILDHOOD NOW shall mean to a different level. This is very important part to understand as the modern day media is totally dependent on the image and the word. Here there are no meanings to the individual items; the meanings are of the amalgamations. The real meanin gs are in the total effect. When the code is deduced it is not deduced individually but in totality. Thus this picture provides a great impact on the lives of men who see. this says that even if the parts of the body revolt and stand hostile the EQ of a man can carry him to great heights. The image suggests that there is no set back in any situation. thus the picture is a fine example of the mixture of word and image. it shows that even if the two parties collide with each other, they can converse a different dialogue to the congregation which again shall have a better impact on the on lookers and audiences. 7. The words say THE NOOSE. There is a symbol of a rope in the screen as well. The two people sitting by each other and the name of the show suggests that the things must go on regarding the legal happening. This is an important aspect of any visual media. The media is essentially conjoined with the culture and politics of the place. The words can also get an elevated meaning through the codes and the changes in the fonts. Here the noose refers to a rope but the moment the O is drawn in a peculiar manner the sub conscious of the common starts tickling. they sense something spectacularly different. Thus the symbols and the presentation can really prove interesting. It has been said in the above passages as well that signs and codes help in better perception and often makes the thing appear different to what it actually is. Thus the conventional idea of the noose is in a parody once the O is drawn differently. This is the effect of the perfect mixture a visual media can do on the minds of men. References Bundgaard, P. Stjernfelt, F. (2010). Semiotics. New York: Routledge. Gottdiener, M., Boklund-Lagopoulou, K., Lagopoulos, A. (2003). Semiotics. London: SAGE. Semiotics. (2011). London [u.a.]. Womack, M. (2005). Symbols and meaning. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.

Photosynthesis Essays - Photosynthesis, Plant Physiology

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll - containing organisms - such as green plants, algae, and some bacteria - capture energy from light and convert it to chemical energy. For the process of photosynthesis to take place the organism must contain chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color in plants and is also responsible for their ability to photosynthesize. Photosynthesis is usually carried out in the leaves of green plants, but it can also take place in other parts of the plant such as the stem. The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is: Sunlight + 6CO2 + H2O --yields-C6H12O6 + 6O2 The purpose of this lab is to answer the question, "Is sunlight required for photosynthesis?" III.) Experimental Design / Materials and Methods The first experiment was called "Separating Plant Pigments." In this first experiment the materials that you need are a piece of green plant (collard greens), a piece of chromatography paper, solvent, and a test tube. The first thing you do is take your green plant and fold it up tightly. Second, you lay the plant on the chromatography paper and smash parts of the plant onto the paper. Next you mark the outside of the tube with a wax pencil where the bottom of the pigments are. Then we take the paper back out of the tube and add the solvent to the bottom of the test tube. Next we have to wait fifteen to twenty minutes for the see what will happen to the paper. The purpose of this experiment is to see how many different pigments will separate from the green plants. The second experiment was called "Detecting Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Green Plants." In the second experiment that was conducted the materials needed are three large test tubes, some Elodea plants, bromthymol blue solution, and a piece of tin foil. The first thing you do is place pieces of the Elodea plant in two of the test tubes. Second you add the bromthymol blue solution, which is a carbon dioxide indicator, to the test tube nearly to the top. The third tube is filled with bromthymol blue solution and is used as a control so that you can compare color change. Next you wrap one of the Elodea containing tubes in tin foil so that it does not receive sunlight. The other Elodea containing tube should be placed in the light. All should remain this way for a twenty-four hour period. The purpose of this experiment is to detect when carbon dioxide is released or gained. The third experiment is called "Detecting Starch in Leaves." Starch is not a result of photosynthesis, but we think that it came from sugars produced during photosynthesis. The materials needed for this experiment are a hot plate, two small beakers, water, ethanol, a leaf from a Coleus plant exposed to light; a light deprived plant, and an iodine solution. The first thing you do is boiling the light exposed leaf in water for one minute. Next you boil the same leaf in ethanol for one minute or until the leaf has turned white. Take the leaf out of the ethanol and place it on a small petri dish and soak it in the iodine solution. If the plant contains starch the color of the iodine will change from a rusty red color to a dark purple or black. Next you take the light deprived plant and boil it for one minute in water. Take it out of the water and place it in the ethanol solution and boil it for one minute. Take the leaf out of the ethanol and place it on a small petri dish and cover it in iodine. The purpose if this experiment is to detect starch in green plants. IV.) Results In the first lab that was conducted our results came out positive that light is required for photosynthesis to occur. In this experiment I had three color pigments to separate out on to the chromatography paper. Photosynthesis was present in these because the pigments contained chlorophyll a, which plays an important part in photosynthesis. The other pigments contained carotene and xanthrophylls, which are both present in photosynthesis. In the second experiment we used Elodea plants and a carbon dioxide detecting solvent to see when carbon dioxide is released or gained. In the first tube with the Elodea wrapped in tin foil, so that it could not receive light, the plant gained carbon dioxide during aerobic cellular respiration and turned the solvent yellow. In the control tube the